How to Get Software Requirements Right

How to get Software Requirements right Abstract The importance of getting the software requirement right has made big difference to so many major projects in the IT industry. Many techniques and solutions have been developed for understanding and getting software requirements right first time in the software development life cycle, but fewer people are taking these techniques into account and this is the reason why most of the IT projects are failing. I define here how to get software requirements right and why it has become some important to get software requirements right.Introduction Requirements Analysis is known as the process which allows us to understand the customer needs and expectation from proposed software. It is the first and one of the main stages in the Software Development Life Cycle model. Software requirements are functional and non-functional requirements of the system, which includes a brief description of how a system should behave as well as brief descriptions o f a system’s functions. Software requirements can state what an application is expected to do.Outsource2India pointed out that â€Å"the software requirement analysis process includes the complex task of eliciting and documenting the requirements of all the users, modelling and analysing the requirements and documenting them as a basis for system design†. There are different level and types of software requirement, which should be defined to get software requirements right. As shown in Figure 1, Business level requirements are there to define the business problem, business opportunities as well as what business is requesting as a solution of the problem.A user level requirement looks at the functionality of the software from user’s view. Product level requirements are where we define functional and non-functional requirements of the system such as the functionalities of the software and the usability needs it should meet. The reason why Software Requirements is known to be very important and major role in developing a project is because it gives the developer a brief description of what he/she needs to develop. It gives them better understanding of a system, which results in better system.Eliciting, analysing and writing good requirements is the hardest and most difficult part of building a software system because if you don’t get the requirements right, it doesn’t matter how well you do anything else. It is said Outsource2India that â€Å"Software companies are now investing time and resources into effective and streamlined Software Requirements Analysis Processes as a prerequisite to successful projects that align with the client’s business goals and meet the project’s requirement specifications†.If the requirements of software are incomplete, software practitioners will end up building software that does not meet the needs of the customer and the user. State of the Art As mentioned earlier, requirement analysis is one of the most important phases in the entire software development life cycle. It is very important to identify and understand the software requirement before moving on to other phases of software development life cycle. It was said by Pooja. R. Gupta that â€Å"When project managers plan for the software development they need to plan for adequate time and resource allocation for this phase†.Experienced requirement analyst like Hooks and Ferry has said that result of getting requirement right, early in the project, can save one-third or more of the overall project budget, which again states how important it is to get software requirements right in order to save time, money as well as achieve goals of the software. Another experienced requirement analyst Leffingwell points out that if you get your software requirements right at the beginning then it can save you the cost of fixing requirements errors as the cost of fixing requirements account for 70% to 80% of yo ur rework costs.Getting requirements right is the most critical aspect of the software development cycle. Software Productivity Centre mentioned that most of the companies come up short; studies point to a failure rate of more than 60% for IT projects, with poor requirements as one of the top five reasons. Moreover, when requirements are specified early in the lifecycle, 80% of the functionality is relatively unwanted by the users and 45% of these features are never used. These problems mean costly rework, compromised product quality, delayed delivery on current projects and start of new ones, lost credibility and lowered revenue opportunities.Developing and managing requirements at the start of a software project can provide significant benefits to the whole outcome: – Quicker and easier to develop and deliver high value products. – Greater insights into development capacity and capabilities. – Better understanding of the organisation and customer needs. â€⠀œ Higher business and user satisfaction with the overall product. – Closer alignment with business goals and expectations. – Cost saving – Result of the product is what the company actually required so get a product that meets the requirements of the system. Reduces rework and conflicts which would have come from unclear and ambiguous requirements. How to get the requirements right? According to Pooja. R. Guptam, in order to get the software requirements right, it can be very beneficial to cover all the following aspects of requirement analysis: 1. Define the problem and High level description of the solution: It is very important to understand the problem and the need for solution. The requirement analyst needs to understand how the new solution going to help and what benefits it is going to provide to the company. 2.Cover needs of all stakeholders and users of the solution: At this point, you must identify and understand the needs of the stake holders as well the users who are ultimately going to use the new system because you need to produce the system, which meets user requirements. 3. Define what the solution should and should not do: It is very obvious that we might know what the solution should do but we always forget the we also need to understand and define what the solution will not do so that requirements can be stated in a manner that we won’t be left with any imagination or doubts. 4.Define the features required: This is one of the main tasks of a requirement analyst. It is very important to define the functional and non-functional requirements of the software solution before starting to design the solution. Defining the functional and non-functional requirement is not all that needs to be done; you must also make sure that they are the correct requirements. 5. Capture all supporting information: It’s a good idea to include and record details of any processes followed, workflow, information flow, etc. It is also beneficial to record any other information which might be relevant to the solution.Conclusion In my opinion, I believe software requirements play quite a big role in the whole software development life cycle. The experience of developing such software project has made it so clear how important software requirement can be. Defining software requirements earlier in the project can provide the best solution of a system at the end. In my personal experience of developing software projects has given me the idea of how to get software requirements right, which are to firstly create requirement definition because it is the foundation of effective software delivery.Secondly, define requirements among stakeholders to address their needs, business problems and the vision of the software so that stakeholder’s goals and objectives can be met because if stakeholders requirements are not met or unclear then the developer will have difficulty building the solution without rework, which res ults in longer development lifecycles and higher costs. By investing more time on software requirements early in the software development process can save time, effort as well as money in the short and long terms.By following these paths in developing software projects can lead to a successful system. As mentioned earlier about the types of requirements that should be identified before moving to other part of software life cycle. It is very important to define all the business level, user level and the product level requirements because a developer needs all of these requirements in order to develop the right software. It is a very idea to follow the software development life cycles, which defines that requirement analysis is the first process of developing a project.In my previous projects, I believe a software development model has helped in defining the right requirements so it is a good advice to take this into consideration when designing any kind of software projects. Requirem ent Definition process also helps in defining the right requirement. References James A. Ward http://www. stickyminds. com/sitewide. asp? Function=edetail&ObjectType=ART&ObjectId=9150&tth=DYN&tt=siteemail&iDyn=2 Software Productivity Centre http://www. spc. ca/dc_software_requirements. htm Pooja R. Gupta http://ezinearticles. com/? Five-Tips-For-Getting-the-Software-Requirement-Analysis-Right-the-First-Time&id=1714473IBM http://www. utdallas. edu/~chung/RE/Getting_requirements_right-avoiding_the_top_10_traps. pdf Brianna Smith, delivery engagement manager, Rational software, IBM Software Group Lisa Garrity, technical professional, Rational software, IBM Software Group Theresa Kratschmer, senior software engineer, Rational software, IBM Software Group http://www. modernanalyst. com/Resources/Articles/tabid/115/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1084/Getting-Your-Requirements-Right-Collaborate-With-Stakeholders-To-Work-Smarter. aspx My project Management http://myprojectmanagement. com /category/requirement-analysis/

An Analysis of The Clod and the Pebble

Speaker/Tone: â€Å"The Clod and the Pebble† by Sir Francis Blake In the poem â€Å"The Clod and the Pebble† Sire Francis Blake compares selfish and unselfish love through interesting and thought provoking interpretations. These viewpoints are obvious through Blake’s indication of their states of innocence and experience. His first entity, which is a clod, says, â€Å"love seeketh not itself to please†(Blake 3). The second interpretation, which is given in the form of a pebble, reasons, â€Å" Love seeketh only Self to please†(Blake 11). The clod is depicted as a selfless, passionate emotion whereas the pebble is a vain, arrogant and selfish sentiment.We can assume that the author has a lot of experiences when it comes to love, possibly writing this poem in a period of romanticism, but cannot assume he is the speaker. The different perspectives of love in the poem lead the reader to believe that there are two speakers. The Clod may perhaps be of a f eminine viewpoint, which is understandable after reading â€Å"Nor for itself have any care† and â€Å"Trodden with cattle’s feet†, where love is unselfish and sacrificial (Blake 2). The pebble gives off a sense of authority gained from experiences while it mocks the innocence of the clod.The abrupt use of â€Å"But† provides a change to the sweet and harmonious tones of the first stanza, while the phrase â€Å"a pebble of the brook† represents it is a hard and unmovable object, learned from its experiences. Specific words such as â€Å"care† used by the clod and â€Å"bind† used by the pebble are what make the feminine/masculine tones understandable. The beautiful and artful personifications of the content clod and pompous pebble create a clear understanding in contrasting the representation of the selfishness and selflessness of human nature in love.

Korea Nuclear Weapons And the six party talks

Just recently, North Korean President King Jong Il proudly proclaimed the success of his government’s underground testing of their first-ever nuclear weapon in the barren hinterlands of the his reclusive country. Western countries, led by the United States, quickly condemned the move as an imminent threat to the security of the Korean peninsula and the international political system in general, especially in the light of the withdrawal of North Korea from the six-party talks negotiating the shutdown of North Korea’s nuclear facilities.On the other hand, the nuclear testing was hailed overwhelmingly by anti-imperialist states around the globe, led by Venezuela and Cuba, and anti-imperialist movements comprising mostly of Marxist parties of every sort, such as the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Communist Party of India-Maoist. It was seen as a triumph of the Korean people against the intense political pressure by US imperialism to bring the North Korean govern ment to its knees on all fronts – militarily and economically.Nonetheless, while the North Korean government was euphoric over its success, it earned the ire of the general international community through the United Nations that sweeping economic sanctions were imposed such as strict inspection of cargo shipments entering North Korean territory, notwithstanding the long-standing implied trade embargo by scores of countries around the world. Actually, the Korean peninsula has been the perennial site of unending geopolitical tensions in the East Asian region since the Korean War in the fifties. This paper will examine the nature of the six-party talks and North Korean brinksmanship in the context of North Korea’s acquisition of nuclear weapons.The Six-Party TalksThe Six-Party Talks include the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea’s official name), South Korea, United States, Russia, Japan, and the People’s Republic of China, whose essential goal has been the peaceful and verifiable denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. The talks were launched primarily due to the refusal of the United States to foster bilateral talks with the DPRK due to the latter’s breach of a 1994 Framework Agreement. Moreover, it contained economic commitments by the member states to the DPRK, in terms aiding its energy requirements for as long as the DPRK abandons its nuclear program, particularly its pursuit of nuclear weapons. On the other hand, the United States and its allies formally assured the DPRK that it shall not result to acts of aggression against the reclusive country and seek alternative ways in resolving the diplomatic issues with the DPRK.According to Dr. Edberto Villegas (personal communication, 2007), a political economist of the University of the Philippines specializing of socialist politics, the Six-Party talks was formed not only to stabilize the threat of the DPRK against the United States and South Kor ea, but to secure the geopolitical interests of the member states as well. Japanese participation in the talks is very important as the DPRK has time and again threatened Japan, due to historic tensions since the Japanese invasion of the Korean peninsula a century ago and continues even up to the present, especially as Japan is now seen as a reliable ally of the United States in enforcing its foreign policies in the region. China is also interested in the talks as it is within its national interest that the Korean peninsula is stable to prevent the undocumented and illegal migration of North Koreans to Chinese territories. (globalsecurity.org, 2007)North Korean BrinksmanshipIn international politics, the DPRK and its leader, Kim Jong Il, has been adjudged the master of nuclear brinksmanship in securing economic and military concessions from world powers, including the United States. As the DPRK knows fully well its geopolitical handicap, it continually breaches international agreeme nts in supposed pursuit and assertion of its national interest and sovereignty, especially when it deliberately withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and insisted on producing nuclear weapons for its defense against perceptions of a conspiracy by the United States forcibly overthrow the Kim Jong Il regime by force.According Villegas (personal communication, 2007), the DPRK fully believes that only by building up its military capability, particularly nuclear power, can the DPRK secure substantial concessions from world powers, consistent with the Maoist maxim of political power emerging from the barrel of a gun. These concessions, however, are not entirely of a military or diplomatic character, but usually in terms of economic aid, as the DPRK continues to battle years of infertile agricultural lands and famine that has led to the deaths and exodus of thousands of North Koreans.As can be seen from the recent nuclear testing in the hinterlands of North Korea, the world, w hile united in its condemnation of the act, has acceded, to a certain extent, to the demands of the North Korean government such as the release of its $25 million frozen assets in Macau and the delivery of more economic aid from developed nations. Nonetheless, it can be surmised that the actuations of the DPRK and the flaunting of its military might are not exactly aimed at threatening the world, especially South Korea, Japan and the United States, but only to secure adequate leverage for political and economic agreements which would not have been possible if the DPRK acted otherwise. More so, the DPRK are not that ignorant of the military history of the world to foolishly start military aggressions against perceived enemy states, knowing fully well the superior military power of the United States and its allies. (personal communication, 2007)However, in order to fully understand the North Korean nuclear question, the DPRK strategy of Songun politics must be examined. According to H an of the Unification Institute in New York, the DPRK views the relationship of the DPRK and the United States not as co-equal states in international law but as opposing and antagonistic entities representing the conflict between imperialism and socialism, in which peaceful coexistence is never possible.King Jong Il believes that all of these are part of the efforts of the DPRK to foist an ideological confrontation against the United States and secure the socialist gains in the Korean peninsula (Han, 2003) More so, the Songun politics of the DPRK involves the building of a strong revolutionary army to save the North Korean socialist system from collapse, over and above the necessity of putting adequate food on the tables of the Korean people. Such an utterly militarist mindset is a big departure from the classical Marxist theory of empowering the working class and the withering away of the state, leading foreign policy experts to believe that King Jong Il’s brinksmanship is merely to ensure the survival of his family’s hold on the entire North Korean political system. (globalsecurity.org) Nonetheless, the military outcome of policies like these has been very effective in forcing the international community to stand at attention and listen to the demands, even blackmail, of the DPRK.Conclusion: The World and the Way ForwardThe Korean nuclear question has given the United States and the international community a terrible political headache which all must continually confront until the threat of the DPRK has been conclusively neutralized.   While it is true that independent nations such as the DPRK must assert its national sovereignty at all times against external threats, particularly imperialist countries, the manner by which the reclusive regime of King Jong Il has been conducting the defense of its homeland and revolution borders on a subjective revolutionary hysteria which the rulers of the DPRK are exploiting to the prejudice of the welfare of its people.There are many other ways to confront modern imperialism which are no less revolutionary, such as the strides achieved by the Venezuelan and Cuban governments in their experiment with socialism without adversely affecting the lives of their people. As such, it is clearly the responsibility of the international community to diplomatically convince the DPRK to gradually embrace the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and cease using military blackmail as a ruse to secure concessions from world powers. An outright denuclearization policy as suggested by the United States and Japan might be totally unrealistic at present, and might even provoke the DPRK further. The path to a lasting peace in the Korean peninsula is an arduous one which can only be confronted if the world itself is prepared to build confidence with the DPRK that aggression against the communist country is none of the options considered to resolve the long-standing diplomatic dispute on nuclear weapon s.Works Cited:Han, Ho-sok. Songun Politics of North Korea & the Situation on the Korean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peninsula. Songun Politics Study Group. Sept. 8, 2003. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/songunpoliticsstudygroup/Songuninterview.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   l on April 17, 2007. Six-Party Talks. GlobalSecurity.Org. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/6-party.htm on April 16, 2007. Villegas, Edberto. Email Interview. April 14, 2007.

Write summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Write summary - Article Example Multi-level analysis can distinguish the impact of the teachers from the school environment and analyze the factors at each level. The study was conducted because of the significant role that technology plays in enhancing the learning experience. The study employed multi-level modeling to analyze data obtained from 3,652 teachers who specialize in handling students in grade 1-9. The study was conducted in 289 schools in Taiwan. According to the article, both school-level factors and teacher-level factors affected the integration of ICT in the process of teaching. The teacher-level factors identified by the study are the beliefs of a teacher and the amount of hours spent in training in the previous year positively influenced ICT Integration. The school level factors that affect ICT integration are hours of training and the way teachers perceive the support from the school. The other factors influencing ICT integration are internet access, quality of computers, number of projectors available and stability of the available computers. The results indicate the significant role that teachers and schools play in the integration of ICT to improve the quality of the learning experience. Teachers play a significant role in the process of ICT integration. Ayub, A. M., Bakar, K. A., & Ismail, R. (2012). Relationships between school support, school facilities, ICT culture and mathematics teachers attitudes towards ICT in teaching and learning.  AIP Conference Proceedings,  1450(1), 196-200. Doi:10.1063/1.4724139 The study examines the relationship between school support, facilities, ICT culture and attitudes of mathematics towards ICT integration in learning and teaching. ICT enables students to widen their sources of the information because of the web. Teachers have the opportunity to use the available technology to create a relatively more interactive and informative learning process. According to the study, the

Histories of Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Histories of Reconstruction - Essay Example DuBois 1910 essay Reconstruction and Its Benefits. The juxtaposition of these two stories demonstrates the extreme chasm that existed between the perception of whites and the realities of life for the blacks. By the 1890s, many white believed the only way to control the alleged savagery of blacks was through savagery itself. On the contrary, and as this study will demonstrate, whites used extremely brutal forms of violence against African Americans. The whites did not only control the alleged African Americans bestiality but also created a climate of fear so as to subjugate the blacks. Although not all white participated directly in violence against blacks, records from these stories point to that locals hardly made efforts to prevent the crimes. The film birth of a nation, convincingly conveyed the idea that Reconstruction failed because blacks were not the equals of white and were not civilized enough to participate in the democratic process. The narration of, Birth of a nation, is focused on the Klan families. It follows from the beginning of slavery through Reconstruction and how it affected the Klan. In the film, the Blacks take over the town in its politics and wreak havoc on the Klan, whites of the town. The characters are used to portray certain themes symbolically and stir up feelings related to this period in American history. The white men in the film are the heroes that exude the virtues of the old south. They also demonstrate the pro-Klan characters that are trying to establish order again. The Black Americans in the film are depicted as the villains in the Reconstruction South who is out to corrupt and control the White characters. However, Du Bois presented an entirely different view of Reconstruction. Unlike Griffith, Du Bois found the black American to the constitutional convention of 1867 to be very capable. These blacks were active in discussions at the convention and used their

Elaborate on your work experience as a math tutor Personal Statement

Elaborate on your work experience as a math tutor - Personal Statement Example I remember the time when I tutored a 9th grade girl who always had bad experiences with Math. As a tutor, I learned that aside from helping students deal with Math, it is essential that a tutor should also give encouragement. Based from experience, this student was afraid of Math because she was not confident of her answers and that she feared making mistakes. I encouraged this student by encouraging her to exert some efforts to understand the problem and take one small step at a time. By boosting her confidence and telling her that she could do it, I actually changed her self-concept from being pessimistic to an optimistic in terms of developing a ‘can do’ attitude, especially in solving math problems. I have been tutoring for four years and I teach 2nd grade through PreCalculus. I would like to continue being a Math tutor because I want to help children in need. I would like also to help other people who want to succeed in life. My ambitions of why I would still remain as a Math tutor are not to make money but to pursue higher education to expand the pool of people I could help and thereby be a contributing member of the academe and community for

Networks Systems & Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Networks Systems & Technologies - Essay Example The firm also has a traveling sales force which needs to connect to the office network to access the sales applications and other administrative applications. The network users include managers, designers, sales, finance staff and secretaries. From the perspective of IT users and network spread, this can be called as a medium scale company network. The overall IT strategy would be simple and would include the following elements for us to consider – The company network would follow a two-layered architecture (Figure 2) with the head office & factory in the top layer and other 3 offices in the second layer connected to the network backbone. All offices would be connected to each other through a Wide Area Network (WAN) (Figure 1). Users in the individual offices would be connected to the network through a Local Area Network (LAN) forming a â€Å"Star Network† (Figure 3) going into the Ethernet Hub. The Ethernet Hub would be connected to the router. The other offices would be connected via routers to the network backbone and supported remotely from the head office. This type of architecture is chosen because majority of users are in the head office and factory. For the company wide access to various applications and systems, an Active Directory Server system will need to be used. An Active Directory server will be installed at every location and will have to be identified as a Global Service Catalog (containing all user information), DHCP, DNS Server and Domain Controller. This will enable all offices to have network connectivity even when the WAN network lines to other offices are down. The storage of servers and cables as well as the individual speeds are also part of the overall network design but slightly technical in nature. The types of servers needed will be determined by the applications and other infrastructure management tools which will be used within the company. A category 6 data cable will be used to

1. Describe briefly the roles of the different parts of the eukaryotic Essay

1. Describe briefly the roles of the different parts of the eukaryotic cells endomembrane system in the production and excretion of proteins - Essay Example The endoplasmic reticulum ensures quality control of the proteins and at the same time provides a point of accumulation of storage proteins. The reticulum is then mandated with the duty of transiting already made proteins to the Golgi apparatus (Gupta, 2009). The nuclear envelope also has some ribosomes and is responsible for newly made Glyco- proteins. The Golgi apparatus undertakes the function of making, modifying as well as binding proteins (Eroschenko & Fiore, 2013). This is due to the nature of its enzymes’ modification, hence known for carrying out for sulfation, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the proteins (Karp, 2010). Some modification activities act as signals directing proteins to their respective locations, which are plasma membrane, lysosome, or for secretion (Eroschenko & Fiore, 2013). Lysosomes contain a variety of digestive enzymes and are responsible for digestion of proteins. In plants, vacuoles correspond to the lysosomes of animals (Karp, 2010). Prot eins that move to the plasma membrane form the lipid bilayer. They act as membrane proteins besides having varied roles in their respective locations in the cell (Eroschenko & Fiore, 2013). They regulate chemical reactions in the cell as well as uptake of molecules. They also act as carriers of molecules across the membrane and provide anchorage too. From the Golgi apparatus, there is a constitutive secretory pathway used to export the secretory proteins continuously to the extracellular matrix (Karp, 2010). Some cells however have a guarded secretory pathway. Some cells secrete regulatory proteins like hormones whereas others secrete digestive enzymes, anti -bodies or mucus (Karp,

Fish Cheeks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fish Cheeks - Essay Example Amy Tan also demonstrates the power of culture and the need to be acceptable. She wanted a slim American nose, and she was terribly embarrassed by her family's distinctively Chinese ways. This is because she grew up in America and had been immersed in its culture, and has come to believe, at least subconsciously, that the American way is the "correct" way. The essay provides us with an honest depiction of the author's youthful self. The story dwells on the ever present clutch of cultural norms and the pressure of "acceptability". I felt invited to consider how the totality of her life was like back then, when she so desired to be American and fit in, while the unfortunate truth was that she was trapped with her "unmannered" family, who became a source of embarrassment to her. The Chinese idea of table manners is burping after a meal to show appreciation. "At the end of the meal my father leaned back and belched loudly, thanking my mother for her fine cooking. "It's a polite Chinese custom to show you are satisfied," explained my father to our astonished guests. The minister managed to muster up a quiet burp. I was stunned into silence the rest of the night." This is totally at odds with the American idea of polite discreteness. She found that her favorite dishes were becoming a source of her embarrassment in front of Robert, particularly when her father "poked his chopsticks just below the fish eye and plucked out the soft meat. "Amy, your favorite," he said, offering me the tender fish cheek. I wanted to disappear. " We can imagine the story having been told in a frenzied and excited manner the reflects how Amy felt back then, but she is reflective and calm throughout the story. She looks back at these events and simply tells the story without implying that she still has leftover emotions from these episodes. She was embarrassed, but not anymore (a bit regretful perhaps). Amy tells us that she has learned from this experience. The reader is rewarded with a little moral, and a little irony at the end. "You must be proud you are different. Your only shame is to have shame." her mother had told her. Now Tan is perfectly honest about her family's "Chineseness," which she used to perceives as shortcomings. We get the idea that she now has a more mature and accepting attitude towards her family. She now realizes that during that Christmas dinner, perhaps the only person who did not act honestly was

Advertisments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Advertisments - Essay Example Advertising often requires the employment of wit and creativity in the part of the marketer. In order to do these, advertisements are embedded with a subtext, a n underlying which is not stated directly. Looking at the current style of marketers, the subtext is often implied or suggested through the use of symbols, characters, words, images, music, and special effects to complement or even contrast the underlying message. In order to understand how business organizations do this, I will examine the ad for Chanel eyeglasses which featured Eugenia Volodina. The rationale for the choice of the advertisement is fairly simple— my passion for sunglasses and my strong preference for Chanel products. The simple ad which features a blown up image of the beautiful and captivating Eugenia Volodina wearing the new sparkling glasses of Chanel exudes sophistication and elegance. Simple as it is, I find the ad very striking. From its establishment in the early 1910s, Chanel has become an icon of elegance with the brand being synonymous to elegance, wealth, and elitism. Chanel became the ultimate sign of high French class, catering to the needs of elite women. The global popularity of the brand has now made it a top choice for elegant women with very high purchasing power. Thus, the appearance of the ad in Vogue which is recognized as one of the most influential force in shaping fashion and culture is warranted by Chanel’s quest of capturing the elite niche. It should be noted that Vogue caters to the same intellectually sophisticated and fashionable females that Chanel are also targeting. In order to persuade its customers in buying the sunglasses, Chanel employed persuasive methods which can be classified into three modes—pathos, ethos, and logos. Ethos tries to convince buyers by appealing to their character or personality while pathos is geared in engaging their emotions. On the other hand, logos appeals to the reason or

Comparing the Organizational Structure of Nonprofit Organizations and Research Paper

Comparing the Organizational Structure of Nonprofit Organizations and For Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example r an organization is for-profit or non-profit, the organization exemplifies very diverse goals and objectives that are constructed around a particular strategic initiative and where all internal activities are aligned with these strategic objectives. It is the responsibility of an organization to not only fulfil its strategic goals, but to also satisfy the needs of very diverse and disparate stakeholder groups. To accomplish this, the organization must consider multiple dynamics, including economic policies within the organization’s region of operations, internal capabilities to accomplish its strategies, market conditions, social and cultural factors that will impact organizational strategy and be considerate of flexibility and change internally that will allow the entity to evolve with changing external conditions or needs. In order for an organization to remain relevant in its region of operations and sustain long-term significance, the organization must continuously adapt and develop contingencies to mitigate risks and better service stakeholders (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2010). Understanding that both for-profit and non-profit organizations have very disparate visions, missions and goals, the organization requires leadership and governance that can ensure regulatory compliances, develop a valuable product or service, promote a desired social or political change in a society, or generally remain competitive. Governance includes systems and oversights that direct and control an organization, inclusive of aligning management activities to strategic intention, performing various market analyses, ensuring all value chain activities effectively support the organizational mission and promoting change with minimal resistance (Tricker, 2009). For-profit and non-profit organizations operate quite differently in some dimensions, while also sustaining many similar characteristics. The most significant differences between non-profit and for-profit organizations are in

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking Essay Utilitarianists are often persecuted for holding a morality in which the end always justifies the means, no matter how repulsive it may be to intuitional moral standards. Hare attempts to quiet controversy by combining act and rule utilitarianism in daily life in such a way that internal moral standards are satisfied and overall good is promoted. Kymlicka stays firm in his opposition to Hare’s theories and shuns the idea of consequentialism having intrinsic value greater than that of intuitive moral standards. Hare’s process of critical thinking combined with intuitionism leads to a flawless conclusion based on systematic procedure that will benefit the most people in the long term even against Kymlicka’s well thought out arguments. Kymlicka thinks that utilitarianism bypasses immediate obligations that should be fulfilled. He believes that utilitarianists’ foresight actually hinders their ability to do what is â€Å"right† or â€Å"just† in the present. He also believes that utilitarianism gives too much weight to illegitimate preferences, meaning that utilitarianists can often choose to do the worse option in consideration in order to satiate a desire for immoral happiness. In the specific case that he puts forward, Kymlicka uses the simple example of an everyday action in which a loan is given to him and he faces the moral dilemma of whether or not he should repay it. He believes that the utilitarianist might keep the money or give it away rather than repaying it if he thought that it would produce the most good in the end to himself or some other party. One may argue that by loaning out money it is consensual and therefore cannot be categorized as theft when the amount is not repaid. However, the loan was made with the qualification and equal understanding that the money would be repaid. Since Kymlicka uses the term â€Å"loan,† he is very much aware that he has the obligation to pay the money back. This may be called breaking a promise as well as theft, so it is doubly breaking a moral standard. Herein lays Kymlicka’s problem with utilitarianism and its criteria of morality. Phil 434 First Writing Assignment 1. Due Mon. Sep 13 Hare believes that there are two levels to moral thinking – critical and intuitive. Critical thinking is systematic and calculated while intuitive thinking is vaguer and based on feelings rather than a systematic procedure. It is said that each person starts at the intuitive level and then progresses to the critical level with age and maturity in understanding. He uses the example of two beings from opposite ends of the spectrum to show what one must be to think purely critically or intuitively – an archangel and a prole. The archangel has no human flaws thus can think critically all the time, and a prole has human flaws to an extreme degree thus must rely on intuitive thinking all the time. Consequentialism is the major theme of critical thinking, which aims to promote the most good to the most people in the end. He postulates, however, that since the human condition is flawed and cannot predict with certainty and without bias what is best in the long run, intuition must be used. Where intuition comes from is a controversial subject – but most believe that upbringing and environment have a strong effect on it and therefore may be tampered with. Since both levels have the possibility to be flawed, they must be used in conjunction. Vacillating between the two is the only way to make good moral decisions throughout one’s entire life. It can be argued that the two levels agree many times in normal day-to-day cases since there is a commonality to moral thinking, such as the law of non-maleficence. Both place in high respect accomplishing what is â€Å"good,† but both have different criteria as to what qualifies – namely what promotes the most good versus what you intuitively know to be the right thing to do. According to the utilitarianist, in a perfect world, critical thinking would be used all the time. Since humans have limits, however, Hare allows and even encourages intuitionism to be used and used often even though he views critical thinking to be superior. One cannot expect to sever himself of all emotion and possess the capability to see the exact outcomes of all possible Phil 434 First Writing Assignment 2.

Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture

Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture INTRODUCTION CONTEXT OF MODERNISM Modernism is a set of cultural or aesthetic styles which associates with the scientific and the artistic movement which started in the decade around the First World War and have dominated among several movement such as cubism, functionalism and surrealism. Sarup, M. (1993). However in architecture, modernism reacts to the dedication of addressing new buildings after the two World Wars such as mass housing of traditional forms and the potential for exploring new conditions of production such as new materials and technology. Le Corbusier and Mies van der Roche were the key influences of modern architecture; they took several cultures and tradition to formulate the notion of modern architecture. Curtis, W. J.R. (2001). Modernist have the idea that architecture should have a result as being functionalistic, positivistic, technocentric, and rationalistic with their building or urban planning. Harvey, D. (1990) page 35. In the World War II, Modernism became popular especially in the United State where it took on a new life by using different technologies such as steel frame and glass curtain walls for constructing skyscrapers and suburban office parks and shopping centers which were cost-effective. Ghirardo, D. (1996). CONTEXT OF POSTMODERNISM Postmodernism is very ambiguous to describe because it has certain elements that relates to modernism. The term originated within artists and critics in the United State in the 1960s and it was distributed in the European and other industrial nations in the 1970s. However postmodernism is an unstable concept of movement within an advance capitalist culture that argue the visual approaches in literary criticism of art, film, fashion and architecture within the political economic social conditions of the late 20th century. It also involves the new relationship between humankind and nature. Ghirardo, D. (1996). Postmodern notion of approaches to architecture derived from modernism ideology of architecture, and it even influences some postmodern architects, this is because of their knowledge from training and also their modern methods of constructions but they also add their new concept to their buildings. Jencks, C. (1988). There are three principles that Robert Sterns article portrays to describe the characteristics of postmodernism, the first characteristic is contextualism, this describes the individual building as always a fragment that represents its environment. The second is allusionism, which emphasise the building of its historical and cultural aspects, and the third is ornamentalism, and this suggests all the walls of the building to have an architectural meaning. (See the work of Robert Stern) Bertens, H. (1995) page 59. Postmodernism has also emerged the classical stage whereby it has influenced certain postmodern architects like Michael Graves, James Stirling, Norman Neuerburg and even Philip Johnsons ATT building (see figure 1). Jenks emphasise that the Free-Style Classicism determines some characteristics of postmodern architecture which started precisely from the 1980s. (See the work of Charles Jencks) Bertens, H. (1995) page 64. CRITICS OF POSTMODERNISM ON MODERNIST NOTION OF ARCHITECTURE David Harvey argues about if postmodernism, for example, represent a radical break with modernism, or is it simply a revolt within modernism against a form of high modernism. Harvey, D. (1990) page 42. This message is to question the architecture of the postmodern movement, Harvey then explains by emphasising that postmodernism has widely identify a break with the modernist conception that planning, designing and development should concentrate on the wide-scale, technologically rational and economically urban plan which should be strict on ideas of design with a functionalist perception of an international style. Harvey, D. (1990). The most influential critic on postmodernism and modernism is Charles Jenks, he portrayed architecture from a linguistic point of view as emphasises in his book The Language of Post-Modern Architecture. Jenks argues that postmodernism architecture is not a break of modernism but however its trying to overcome the ideology of its architecture not by dropping it but by extending the language to a different level into a vernacular and commercial but away from tradition. He listed all the old buildings as which had modern characteristics and named them as the ersatz, however he calls the new building as the social realism. Jencks, C. (1991) page 97. Furthermore he pinpoints the exact date for the death of modern architecture as he mention at 3:32 pm, July 15, 1972 when the Pruitt-Igoe housing project built in 1951 was demolished. Likewise Charles Jenks explores further the idea of the modernist idea within postmodernism architecture, he argues that postmodern architecture is double coded, this suggest that postmodernism is an eclectic mixture of traditional codes with modern ones this shows that modernism is always one of the codes that forms postmodernism so postmodern architecture has evolve from modernism but it must go beyond modern style. Therefore postmodernism is to break completely or drop modernist idea of architecture but has extended it into a different notion. Jenks explores Mies van de Roche who is a modern architect, he argues that the use of steel I- beams for buildings are nasty and brutal and has no purpose for its users or developers so therefore postmodernism has evolve to find solution of improving the upon modernism. Bertens, H. (1995). The indication that modernism architecture is rational and austere is because the restrictions and their influence on traditional forms and concepts which most postmodern architects see as passà ©, however when postmodern architect design they contravene to tradition also when they build their buildings they express it through a modern way by emphasising on a mixture of different styles. Likewise in the description of postmodern architecture Paolo Portoghesi who also criticise postmodernism argues that postmodern is any building that breaks modern constrains of historical styles with vernacular influences. Kolb, D. (1990) page 88. The restriction of modern architecture on historical influences is one of the main challenges of postmodernism. Jean-Francois Lyotard a postmodern critic explains that one characteristics of postmodernism is the transform nature understanding in scientific and computerised society, this has gave them advance knowledge and technology to overcoming and the rational and austere notion of modernism. Sarup, M. (1993). In favour of this, Joseph Fredrick who defended against the International Styles and his own idea of construction explains that modernism in architecture has various characters but its attack was on its style, which inevitably postmodernism has taking over. It is the austereness of modernisms traditional forms which postmodern took the advantage of scientific knowledge to break the historical influences and give freedom for architects to design their building. Larson, M, S. (1993). The division between modern and postmodern is that modern is restricted whereby postmodern has its freedom to design. Furthermore modernist notion of architecture as rational and austere to traditional restriction has not been negated by postmodern but it has interpreted and integrated modernist ideology. However Jencks argue that postmodernism has not become a break or dropped the idea of modernist architecture but it has evolve from modernism, and has notice the understanding of the development of its time so they change the direction and extended its characteristics to suit its era. Portoghesi, P. (1980). Therefore postmodernism is commonly known as the stylistic phenomenon. Ghirardo, D. (1996) page 8 Charles Jenks argues that postmodern buildings in general have made a positive impact in architecture, since the nineteenth century technological construction has made a vast improvement on buildings and has been overly-accurate as with the hand-crafted variety, this and other factors have become the main reason for its break from modernism. Likewise he argues that postmodernism has taking radically from the concept of how to knowledge building space where as modernist to see space as something to be shaped for social purposes, they interpret space as something independent, to be design according to creative aims but not to overreach its traditional influences. An example is Le Corbusiers Domino buildings (see figure 3) which started modernist development of space, however postmodernism reacted to this by looking for solutions to define place instead of abstract spaces and to establish the various ambiguity of spaces rather than the simple, predictable traditional building of moderni st architecture. Jenks, C. (1990). Le Corbusiers domino housing project There are certain features of modernism which have been developed by postmodernist architects, the spatial ideas such as layered and shallow simple spaces of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Postmodernist have developed these aspects into a more new kind of ambiguous space with various complex elements. Jenks, C. (1988). Charles Jencks points out that postmodern architecture have two reasons into significant technological change; the first is the contemporary communications have broken the strong modernist interest of the rational and austere spaces based on function and of social interest. The second is the advance technologies for example computer modelling which has broken away from traditional restraints and permitted the flexibility of designing and constructing. Jenks, C. (1990). Postmodernism has not dropped modernist notion of architecture but it has taking certain elements of it such as space and even some traditional aspects of building and developed it into a more complex style. However it has set freedom from modernist conception that architecture should be austere and reasonable. The advances scientific technology has aided postmodernism to evolve from modernism. Jenks, C. (1988). Michael Graves as a postmodernism architect. Michael Graves was part of the late-modern movement before he left the abstract conception approach to the New York Five in 1977; this group consisted of Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Michael Graves, and Charles Gwathmey. They introduce an advance technique of designing with figural element, and this has influenced postmodern architects. Schulz, N. (1990) page 7-8. He then left to join other architects such as Venturi, Moore, and Stern who were involve with the prototype for postmodernism in America. Ghirardo, D. (1996). Graves has become one of most influential architects in postmodernism, his concept of fragments have become significant to postmodernist architects to design their building in a complex and ambiguous style which contradicts the notion of modernism. Graves has also adapted postmodern classicism in architecture such as the Portland Building and the Humana Building (see figure 4 and 5). Grave has taking the traditional forms and styles of classicism and extended into a postmodern approach by introducing classical skyscrapers. Jenks, C. (1988). THE PORTLAND PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING The Portland building (see figure 4) was a very significant municipal building within its era, which was begun in 1980 in Portland Oregon, this project provoked modernist architects because it was one of the most inspirational building in postmodernism. Powell, K. (1995). The public building is located in the middle of the area whereby it had to have a quality of postmodern landmark, but however his way out was to bring back figural forms to the building to portray the public nature of the context and urban and the internal program. He used the classical style of organisation by dividing the building into three parts; which is the base, body and the top. Bibliography Bauman, Z., 2004. Identity conversation with Benedetto Vecchi. London: Polity Press. KING, D. A., 2004. Spaces of Global Cultures Architecture Urbanism Identity. New York: Routledge. POWELL, K., 1994. Lloyds Building Richard Rogers Partnership ARCHITECTURE IN DETAILS. London: Phaidon. POWELL, K., 1999. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume One. London: Phaidon. POWELL, K., 2001. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume Two. London: Phaidon. SIEBERT, H., 2007. The World Economy A global analysis. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge. SILVER, N., 1997. The Making of Beaubourg: A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris. (s.n.): MIT Press. SIMAI, M., 1990. GLOBAL POWER STRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND WORLD ECONOMY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY. London: Pinter publishers Limited. STRELITZ, Z., ed., 2005. Tall buildings a strategic design guide. London: RIBA Publishing. VALE, J. L., 2008. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge. WOODS, N., ed., 2000. The Political Economy of Globalisation. New York: Palgrave (ANON) Royal exchange luxury shopping and dining.

Supply and Demand Analysis for the Notebook

Supply and Demand Analysis for the Notebook Introduction Of Supply And Demand In The World Supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics, which is the backbone of a market economy. Demand refers to the number of products or services (quantity) needed by the buyer. The quantity demanded is the amounts of a product are willing to buy at a certain price. Nowadays there are many types of notebook that can be found in the market such as Acer, Dell, Lenovo and so forth. Whether it is for personal or business’s use, there are plenty of choices that customer can choose. Also, they can make choices by referring on the design, price and specifications of the notebooks which provided to them. The demand for notebook will increase but the quantity supply still constant due to the process of research and development (RD) for notebook and tablet. Although they speculate that notebook will be replaced by tablet but they still need to maintain their business by selling notebook. Graph Of Supply And Demand Of Notebook In The World Diagram 1 Diagram 1 shows a graph for the notebook’s demand increases and supply remains constant in Malaysia. Thus, the price and quantity demanded of the goods are increased when the demand is increased but the supply is still constant. Reason Of Demand Increase Supply Constant On Notebook In The world According to NPD Display Search in Quarterly Mobile PC Shipment and Forecast Report, it states that Tablets will edge out notebooks in global shipments this year. Tablet PC shipments are expected to more than 240 million, while shipments of laptops will reach about 207 million. This is the first time, Tablet PC will more than 50% of the annual market share this year, increase from around 38 percent last year and 26 percent in 2011. The graph refers to Appendix 1. Based on the statistic the emerging and mature market for notebook and tablet, the tablet shipment will ride 64 percent to 2013 from 2012. Thus, both research groups NPD and DIC have been carried out on the process of Research and Development (RD). It is because they want to know the consumer reaction on the notebook and tablet in related market. Tablet has been observed in the market which the situation of demand increases and supply constant will be happened relate the notebook. Although they speculate that notebook will be replaced by tablet at any time but they have still need to maintain their business by selling notebook. Besides that, the supply of the notebook will be remaining constant because it is easy to stock clearance through the process of Research and Development (RD). The way they are using in notebook’s stock clearance by using the promotional strategy. For example, supplier or seller can promote their notebook either gives a cheaper price to the customer who wants to purchase or give the promotion such as buy 1 free 2 to attract the customer to purchase through in Information Technology (IT) fair. Conclusion of Supply And Demand In The World Notebook is a technology that will bring convenience to customer and business user. But with the development technology nowadays, the notebook become less of demanded it is because the tablet will substitute the laptop. Thus, both research groups NPD and DIC have been carried out on the process of Research and Development (RD) to know the consumer reaction on the notebook and tablet in related market. In conclusion, the supplier of notebook can produce a new function for notebook to attract consumer to purchase and do not be replaced by tablet. It also to avoid the demanded quantity of notebook will decrease. Introduction Of Substitute Effect Substitution effect is the change in the quantity of that good consumed when the budget constraints reflect the new amount of prices, but keep the original agent indifference curve. Consumers are always spending on higher-priced goods to lower-priced ones as they tried to maintain their living standard when facing inflation. The product is considered as a substitute good in a certain period where if the price of coffee is increased, people will go for tea and vice versa. According to Geoff Riley, he said that the substitute goods such as coffee, an increase in the price of coffee will lead to an increase in demand for the tea. Thus, the cross price elasticity for two substitutes will be positive. Some of the consumers will replace to another similar good such as coffee being substituted with tea due to their salary income still constant. Besides that, they also can replace to cheaper price in coffee when they want to drink coffee such as Starbucks Coffee will be replaced to Mc Cafà ©. Substitute Good For Coffee And Tea The price of the coffee increase, there are two effects that are left behind which are the income effect where people will feel as if they are no longer can able to afford a particular good, because their monthly income and also the substitution effect where a person will replace to another similar good such as coffee being substituted with tea. According to Geoff Riley  showed that the substitute goods such as coffee, an increase in the price of coffee will lead to an increase in demand for the tea. Thus, the cross price elasticity for two substitutes will be positive. Some consumer will replace to another similar good such as coffee being substituted with tea it is because the price of coffee is higher than tea. Thus, consumers are wanted to maintain their income. According to Indexmundi show that the comparison in between the rate of change in the price of Tea and the rate of change in the price of Coffee, Other Mild Arabicas. The report refers to Appendix 2. If the price of coffee increases, the price of the tea will decrease. Thus, the demand of the tea will increase. Otherwise, consumer can replace to cheaper coffee when they want to drink coffee such as Starbucks Coffee will be replaced into Mc Cafà ©. JILL KRASNY (2012) has proposed that â€Å"McDonald’s introduced the McCafà © Cherry Berry Chiller ($2.89 for a 16-ounce cup) and McCafà © Frappà © Chocolate Chip ($3.99 for a 16-ounce). Starbucks’ Frappuccino is more expensive ($5.45 for a 16-ounce cup) than McDonald’s version.† However, the price of the coffee increases but there are some consumers still continue to drink coffee in their daily life although their income remain the same. Thus, they will consume the quantity of drinking coffee in everyday. For example, before the price of coffee increase consumer have to drink coffee everyday but when the price of coffee increase consumers will reduce consume at least 2 to 3cups per day. Conclusion Of Substitute Effect Coffee and tea is a type of beverage that people always drink in everyday. The tea will be substituted by coffee it is because the price of the coffee is increases. Thus, the consumer will change to drink tea or their drink another brand of coffee to maintain their income. The graph of relationship between substitute goods such as coffee, the price of coffee increase will influence the demanded for the tea will increase. Thus, the demanded quantity of tea increases, the price of tea is decreased. In conclusion, some consumer will change to drink tea when the price of coffee is increased and some consumer still will drink coffee although the price of coffee is increased. Thus, consumer will consume their quantity of drink coffee to maintain their income and living standard.

Spiritual Emptiness in Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Essay

Ernest Hemingway's short story, "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place," first published in 1933, is written in his characteristic terse, unembellished style. The definition of "Style" is "the characteristics of language in a particular story and . . . the same characteristics in a writer's complete works" (Gioa and Gwynn, "Style" 861). Short words and a curt tone are so characteristic of Hemingway's style that writers frequently parody them in "International Imitation Hemingway" contests (Gioa and Gwynn, "Style" 861). But Hemingway could only his express this story's theme -- that there is nothing beyond the here and now of daily existence, no God to embellish our lives -- in an unembellished style of writing. The somewhat empty style of this short story is not "Imitation Hemingway"; it's consistent with the story's theme of spiritual emptiness. Almost thirty lines of "A Clean Well-Lighted Place" are pure dialogue with few clues, other than what is said, about who is speaking. In the rest of the story, the percentage of words with more than two syllables is very low. Some biographers point out that Hemingway learned his rules of writing working for the Kansas City Star, whose style-book admonished reporters to "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English, not forgetting to strive for smoothness" (qtd. in Desnoyers 2). Was the curt style of "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" caused only by Hemingway's having learned writing from a newspaper style-book? He later said about those newspaper rules, "Those were the best rules I ever learned for the business of writing. I've never forgotten them. No man with any talent, who feels and writes truly about the thing he is trying to say, can fail to write wel... .... "One True Sentence." The Longman Masters of Short Fiction. Eds. Dana Gioia and R.S. Gwynn. New York: Longman, 2002. 375-376. Desnoyers, Megan Floyd. "Ernest Hemingway: A Storyteller's Legacy." The Ernest Hemingway Collection. 12 December 2002. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. 20 August 2003. . Gioia, Dana, and R.S. Gwynn. "Ernest Hemingway." The Longman Masters of Short Fiction. Eds. Dana Gioia and R.S. Gwynn. New York: Longman, 2002. 370-372. Gioia, Dana, and R.S. Gwynn. "Style." The Longman Masters of Short Fiction. Eds. Dana Gioia and R.S. Gwynn. New York: Longman, 2002. 861-862. The Hemingway Resource Center. "Ernest Hemmingway Biography>Key West." The Hemingway Resource Center. LostGeneration.com. 20 August 2003. .

Essay --

John Keen English 101-003 Amy Borders 14 March 2014 The Media Bias That Affected the 2012 Presidential Election President Barack Obama was re-elected to a second term as President of the United States in November of 2012. When giving his acceptance speech Obama was quick to thank his wife and family, his campaign officials, the voters, and everybody that worked so hard to help him get re-elected. One group left out of this display of gratitude, and perhaps the most influential one, was the mainstream media. The media plays a huge role in how viewers formulate their opinions, which in turn become deciding factors when choosing a President. The mainstream media has a responsibility to present the candidates in an unbiased manner, so that the electorate can make a truly educated decision as to the best candidate for the office at hand. While some may argue that the media presents an unbiased view of each candidate, this is not always the case. When looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, there are several examples where the media coverage aided the candidacy of Barack Obama and hindered the candidacy of Mitt Romney. The media outlets handled the candidates very differently when came to blundering comments. For example, the media came down hard on Romney for his comment about 47% of Americans not voting for him. In a secretly recorded conversation about campaign strategy, Romney made the statement the 47% of voters are dependent upon the government, and they believe that the government should provide them with food, healthcare, jobs, housing, along with whatever else they need. He made the comment that these voters would vote for the current president â€Å"no matter what,† and he said that his job was not to worry ... ...ced a great deal of negative reporting during the 2012 Presidential election, the majority of that reporting was about insignificant matters and came during the Primary stage where he did not face any competition. Once the election became between himself and Mitt Romney, the coverage was overwhelmingly positive toward the President. Opponents argue that the criticism that President Obama received over high gas prices, the bad economy, and national health care were unjustified and presented an unbalanced attack on the Obama Campaign. Factual reporting of current events but where were they when the media was criticizing President George W. Bush? National Healthcare has been a subject of debate since the early Clinton administration In weighing the evidence both for and against a media bias in favor of Barack Obama it is important to look at a variety of evidence. Essay -- John Keen English 101-003 Amy Borders 14 March 2014 The Media Bias That Affected the 2012 Presidential Election President Barack Obama was re-elected to a second term as President of the United States in November of 2012. When giving his acceptance speech Obama was quick to thank his wife and family, his campaign officials, the voters, and everybody that worked so hard to help him get re-elected. One group left out of this display of gratitude, and perhaps the most influential one, was the mainstream media. The media plays a huge role in how viewers formulate their opinions, which in turn become deciding factors when choosing a President. The mainstream media has a responsibility to present the candidates in an unbiased manner, so that the electorate can make a truly educated decision as to the best candidate for the office at hand. While some may argue that the media presents an unbiased view of each candidate, this is not always the case. When looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, there are several examples where the media coverage aided the candidacy of Barack Obama and hindered the candidacy of Mitt Romney. The media outlets handled the candidates very differently when came to blundering comments. For example, the media came down hard on Romney for his comment about 47% of Americans not voting for him. In a secretly recorded conversation about campaign strategy, Romney made the statement the 47% of voters are dependent upon the government, and they believe that the government should provide them with food, healthcare, jobs, housing, along with whatever else they need. He made the comment that these voters would vote for the current president â€Å"no matter what,† and he said that his job was not to worry ... ...ced a great deal of negative reporting during the 2012 Presidential election, the majority of that reporting was about insignificant matters and came during the Primary stage where he did not face any competition. Once the election became between himself and Mitt Romney, the coverage was overwhelmingly positive toward the President. Opponents argue that the criticism that President Obama received over high gas prices, the bad economy, and national health care were unjustified and presented an unbalanced attack on the Obama Campaign. Factual reporting of current events but where were they when the media was criticizing President George W. Bush? National Healthcare has been a subject of debate since the early Clinton administration In weighing the evidence both for and against a media bias in favor of Barack Obama it is important to look at a variety of evidence.

To Kill A Mocking Bird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, The Twelve Angry men by Reginald Rose and The Scottsboro Trial are all about unfair trials containing discrimination towards different people and people being prejudice .The peoples action towards the defendants affected them for the rest of their life. Many of the people that came into the court brought in their own social problems and that influenced the verdict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To Kill The Mockingbird was about a black guy named Tom Robinson who was accused of raping a young women by the name of Mayella Ewell. In the court, significant evidence was presented to the juror's that would prove that Tom Robinson was innocent. The evidence showed that a left handed male must have beat Mayella because the bruises were on the right side of her and Tom Robinsons left arm was disabled. Robinson could not have beat Ms. Ewell. Tom Robinson was still convicted and later on was shot at a prison fence while he was trying to run away. The juror's discriminated Mr. Robinson and was prejudice towards him because all though evidence was presented to them that would prove Tom innocent they ignored it because the guy was black and in the 30's discriminating blacks were heavily favored. The Twelve Angry Men was about a boy who was accused of stabbing his father to death in a argument. In the beginning of the trial all twelve of the juror's voted guilty. Many of the juror's were mean and did not care about the boy's future they just wanted to get the trial over with so the juror's can do what they wanted to do. Later in the case one of the juror's realized they were messing with a boys life and his future was all up to them. So a juror realized that some of the information that a witness brought up had to be false. So they analyzed the information and came to the conclusion that the boy could not have stabbed his father the way he did because one of the juror's had seen many knife fight's in his backyard and you can not stab someone downward with a switchblade. Also another witness said that the knife that the kid had could be bought anywhere. The juror's discriminated the boy because he lived in the slums , he has a criminal record and he was always fighting with hi s dad so they just assumed he was the one that killed his dad.

Communication task

British sign language which is a specific sis language that is used in Britain, the use of megaton, which is a simplified verse n of the British sign language that is used for children or those with disabilities or the use of signs, symbols, pictures, writing and finger spelling which gives a person that I s unable to talk or hear an effective way to communicate with friends, family and career believe that interpersonal interactions are just as important as any other method of communication this is because the way interpersonal interactions are used ca determine many things within a conversation e. . If you have poor body langue age like crossed legs and playing with a pen it suggests that you are not paying attention n and you are not interested in what the other person is saying. Will now explain the e role of effective communication and interpersonal interactions within two scenarios. Scenario 1 Alfa will not leave his room after accusing other residents in a residential home for stealing his money before the career found this money in Alfa pocket.The care r would have to communicate with Alfa to help the situation as a one to one context to encourage Alfa to feel comfortable as he may not feel comfortable talking about the situate ion when other residents or careers are present because he may feel embarrassed. As Alfa is a welsh speaker a career that has the ability to speak welsh should b allocated to talk to Alfa to prevent any language barriers that may arise. This WI II be a formal conversation between professional and a person using the service.The career will have to use oral communication as it is the most effective WA y to gain an immediate response and to be able to show your emotion such as using b DOD language. Body language is an important nonverbal interpersonal interaction because it can show another person our emotions e. G. If you are moving around and lo king away lot it can suggest you are not interested in what they are saying and also it c an be altered to gain another trust and to ensure they feel comfortable.The career would have to speak in a respectful manner towards Alfa and adder sees his collect to be able to communicate effectively e. G. It is disrespectful to speak to your elders with slang unless you know them very well because it may offend them or they may simply not understand a youths slang such as ‘alright lad' they don't ACTA ally mean that they are talking to a male its a nickname for a friend or someone they anAlfa has a hearing problem so he wears a hearing aid which is a technological al aid to communication however even with the hearing aid the career should use a Simi plea lexis and speak clearly so that he can understand, the career should also be facing A If so that the career's voice is projected towards him more efficiently. The career would have to use nonverbal interpersonal interactions by shows Eng a positive posture which consists of not crossing your arms and legs. By showing g this positive posture the career is showing Alfa that they are interested in his though TTS and feelings of the situation.The career would also use reflective listening by asking g Alfa questions to empower him. Facial expressions are read when a face to face conversation is taking place so the career should ensure that they have a gyms atheistic and caring facial expression to encourage Alfa to talk about the way he feels, the e career should ensure that they do not have an angry or happy facial expression became use this might suggest to Alfa that the career is annoyed with him or finds the situation f noun which may encourage Alfa to feel uncomfortable and anxious.Following the meeting the career should use written communication to log t e situation down into a book such as an incident book, so that if needed to the information on is there permanently so it can be reviewed. The career could also use technological communication by Emailing or testing the main career to inform the m of the sis tuition that has occurred because tech analogical communication is the most effective way if you need to inform someone of something and do not need an immediate response Scenario 2 Rosier is a young women who is terminally ill, she informs the career that she re ally wants to leave hospital to go home.The career would have to communicate with Rossi e and Rookie's family within a group context, this will be because as Rosier deteriorate s her family would be held responsible to care for her as well as a district nurse. The career would have to use technological communication to contact a doctor or that can inform Rosier and her family of all the effects that can occur if Rosier is to g o home. Rosier would have to communicate with a professional to find out whether she can go home and if so what precautions should be taken.Different professionals would have to work together to try meet the needs f Rosier which is multidimensional working, this can include Rookie's caree r, a doctor an d a counselor working together to see if it is suitable for Rosier to go home. The career should empower Rosier by encouraging her to tell the career why s he wants to go home, the career could use silence while Rosier is talking because the pop e r Of silence is significant however at the same time the career should be using facial expressions and body movement to show that they are listening.The career c loud place her hand on Rookie's shoulder to communicate through touch, this shows that he career is understanding and is trying to comfort Rosier. 2 As Rosier has a different dialect to the career because she is from different r colon Rosier pronounces words differently and also uses different words and phrase s e. G. Rosier is originally from London and has the cockney accent, the cockney ace changes a lot of words e. . The English word hair they change to Barnett, the c are would have to listen attentively to ensure that she does not misunderstand what Or sis IS s aying. Rookie's counselor suggests that she could use arts and crafts to release her negative motions as arts and crafts are known as therapeutic activities which are often n used with children and adults that have mental health Illnesses to boost their moo d.As Rookie's condition deteriorates she may become unable to communicate effectively through oral communication so the career should teach her different signs and symbols to use to communicate, signs and symbols are very helpful for people that ca not communicate orally or people that simply do not want to because of a condition on such as selective mutatis, they can use these signs and symbols so that the people AR undo them can understand what they want to say or need.There are many different aspects to being able to communicate effectively and most of them are used in our everyday lives e. G. Communication forms such as text messaging are used all the time to connect with our friends and family. After explaining the role of e ffective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context it shows just how important effective communication is to be able e to be understood.Effective communication is important because without it patients wouldn't e able to receive the care that they need because of poor or no communication interpersonal interactions are also important so that the emotion behind ha t a person is saying is not misunderstood. 3 PA Discuss theories of communication will be discussing two theories of communication one as a that applies to a o en to one context and the other as a group context. Jean's theory assists in giving effective communication to patients, this once auroras the patient to trust the caregiver.Jean's theory (1986) consists of a technique called ‘SOLES and each letter h s a different step in order to communicate effectively. Jean's theory can only be used in a one to one context however it can be formal or informal. The ‘S' is for sitting at a comfortable distance and angle, the ‘O' is for open p suture, the ‘L' is for leaning,looking and listening the ‘E' is for effective eye contact and the ‘ R' is for remaining relatively relaxed.A situation that is suitable for this theory would be a General Practitioner TA King to their patient, this is suitable because it is a situation where the context is one to on e and it is formal. A GAP would use the ‘SOLES' technique from the moment their patient walks through the door, they should be sitting at the right angle which is head on to the patient and they should be sitting at a comfortable distance not too close and not too far away because e the patient may feel that they are not important if they are sat far away however they ma y feel intimidated if the GAP sits too close to them.They should sit with an open posture with their arms and legs uncrossed to prevent the patient from feeling that the GAP is uninterested. They shouldn't put anything I n between themselves and the patient e. . A table, a cup Of coffee/ tea because this may give the impression that they are putting a physical barrier in between a professional and a user of the service which can cause the patient to feel they do not want to have a connect ion with the GAP leading to the patient not telling the GAP what their problem is.When a GAP is talking to their patient they should lean forward every now an d then, they should look as if they are genuinely interested and listen attentively all these s tepees empower the patient which should encourage the patient that they can take control Oft e conversation supporting their confidence. A GAP should use effective eye contact when communicating to a patient to ensure the patient knows the GAP is listening to them which should be done by looking at the but not staring, however if the patient has a condition such as anxiety this may make them feel uncomfortable and anxious.The GAP should remain relaxed and talk w ith a calm and almost sympathetic voice throughout the session so that the patient does not become panicked however re if the patient becomes aggressive the GAP should talk in an assertive voice and try to diffuse he situation encouraging patient to calm down. Jean's theory would also be effective when a counselor is talking to their p tenant however it wouldn't be effective at a work meeting because this is within a group and Egg Nan's theory is for a one to one context. Barnyard's theory is used within groups and could be formal or informal. It works by noticing the dynamics within a group and preventing or encouraging them. Barnyard's theory could be used at a daycare centre because this is a group. In the group some children have been attending for a long time and some may be new, so the children that eve been there longer have had chance to bond and get to know each other whereas the newer children may not want to be there and may try to be destructive toward ads the discussion s or just too shy to bond with others.

Hydraulic Design of Small Hydro Plants

Version 2 STANDARDS/MANUALS/ GUIDELINES FOR bantam HYDRO increase urbane whole caboodle hydraulic purport Of wasted Hydro typesets Lead Organization fri destroy Alternate Hydro Energy Center Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Ministry of untried and renewable Energy Govt. of India whitethorn 2011 AHEC/MNRE/SHP receiveds/ civic typeset feeling lapselines For hydraulic stick out Of Sm altogether Hydro Plants / whitethorn 20111 1. GUIDELINES FOR hydraulic visualize OF SMALL HYDRO PLANTS This slit pictures standards and guidelines on the chassis of the body of wet supply supply conductor organization.This dodging includes cope work and frugal consumption, birdfeeder line, de congester (if needful), ply erectal or option conveyance expressions (culverts, electron tubelines, tunnels, etc., forebay store, sluice tr stop over and buckle tank (if take back) up to the incoming of the turbine, tailrace r closureer beneath the turbine and c erebrate ancillary flora. 1. 1 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HEAD whole kit and caboodle In oecumenic lead coiffure life ar composed of triplet morphological components, pleasure impede, ambition and crinkle consign man mogult sluicegate. The blends of the snickport working ar deviance of the demand forcing out ladder from the river into the urine supply conductor frame. carry of depositary. swamp handling. emblematicly a brain pond reference is form upstream of the qualifying whole shebang. This beginning may be utilise to stomach day by day pondage in support of superlative degreeing ope symmetryn or to abide the manipulate volume demand for turbine ope dimensionn in the irrigate supply train control dash. This latter(prenominal) case would devote where the penstock pull offs its peeing directly from the pass pond. Sufficient volume moldinessiness be take into accountd to support these economic consumptions. in that respect atomic number 18 three parts of dubiousness flora that be widely used on mini and tiny hydro projects, as under squint exp culminationiture topic works in in intrench divine focal closure strait worksReservoir / send packingal divine guidances Each type al moo be discussed in turn. 1. 1. 1 forefront full treatment with Lateral inhalants ( littler Hydro) percentage point works with askant inlets ar typicly utilize on rivers transporting strong amounts of situateation as bed shoot down and in suspension. The functional objectives ar To divert bed- pay charge up onward from the dream and flush downriver of the dam up (the bed load flushing system should be operable in twain unremitting and intermittent modes). To de erectt relatively despoil surface water into the recess. To arrest go rubble at uptake trashracks for remotion by manual of arms raking.To safely brighten the fancy ingurgitate without ca employ unaccepted upstream engorgeing. AHEC /MNRE/SHP Standards/ obliging work Guidelines For hydraulic figureing Of modest Hydro Plants /whitethorn 20112 The chase station features promote golden hydraulic conditions and should be finded during place pickax The intake should be seatd on the out post of a river b destruction (towards the end of the bend) to benefit from the spiral current in the river that moves clean surface water towards the intake and bed load away from the intake towards the centre of the river.The intake should be hardened at the interrogative sentence of a steep- placementd section of the river. This depart promote remotion of material flushed done the dam which may otherwise accumulate downriver of the flushing grooveizeizeise and imp shrillline its function. Satis doery founding conditions. Ideal site conditions argon r be, olibanum throw entrust require compromises surrounded by hydraulic requirements and constraints of site geology, accessibility etc. The undermenti oned guidelines assume full stop works be square upd on a straight reach of a river. For beta projects or unusual sites hydraulic molding studies atomic number 18 recommended.A stones throw by shout intention boodle is recommended and contributeing parameters be betokened for guidance in start out pattern and layout studies. Typical layouts be shown in codes 2. 2. 1 to 2. 2. 3. 1. 1. 2 Data Required for concept. The future(a) info be required for build cast hydrology report as stipulated in slit 1. 3 of this Standard giving Qp (plant stay of time) Q coke ( visualize gush carry, teentsy hydro) Q10 ( aim englut function, mini hydro) (data on suspended deposit load up) Cw H-Q Curves (W. L. rating curves at diversion dam) Topographic mapping of the site including river bathymetry c overing all head works social organization sites. aim geology report. 1. 1. 3 Site Selection Selection of the head works site is a practical ratiocination which involves weighing of several(prenominal) elements including hydraulic desiderata ( sectionalisation 2. 2. 1/1. 0), head optimisation, foundation conditions, accessibility and constructability factors. abandoned over the importance of intake weapons platformme to the boilersuit performance of the plant it is recommended that an go by dint of hydraulic machinate be consulted during studies on head works layout. 1. 1. 4 Determination of tonality Elevations AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ civil kit and boodle Guidelines For hydraulic intention Of short Hydro Plants / may 20113For the illustrative pillowcase Qp = 10. 0 m3/s patch up V0 = 0. 5 Q0. 2 (= 0. 792, guess 0. 80 m/s) (= 12. 5 m2) A0 = Q ? V0 A0 H= (= 1. 77 m, say 1. 80 m) 4 stand L = 4H (= 7. 08 m, say 7. 0 m) ye = greater of 0. 5 yo or 1. 5 m (= 1. 80m) yd = L. S (= 0. 28 m) NOL = Z0 + ye + yd + H NOL = 97. 5 + 1. 80 + 0. 28 + 1. 80 (=101. 38m, say 101. 50 m) Sill = NOL H (= 99. 7m) Crest of weir or head pond NOL = 101. 5 m bill of weir = 4. 0 m These initial constitute visors atomic number 18 preliminary and may permit to be adjusted later as the mark evolves. 1. 1. 5 headway whole shebang LayoutThe launching to the intake should be align with the river vernacular to entrust smooth address conditions and minify the issue forthrence of undesirable swirl. A guide wall acting as a musical passage amid the river bank and the structure get out comm and be required. Intake hydraulics are deepen if the intake face is slightly tip into the time period. The orientation of the intake face depends on river bank topography, for straight river reaches the recommended comforts for careen vary from 10o to 30o depending on the author. When this angle becomes as well as life coat the intake volition draw out surfeitive amounts of sedimentation and undirected debris.It is recommended that the sill direct of the intake is kept sufficiently exalted than the sill aim of the und er sluice. The under sluice should be located adjacent to the intake structure. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ civil whole kit and boodle Guidelines For hydraulic excogitation Of gauzy Hydro Plants /whitethorn 20114 For increment of the head work plan, it is recommended that the next parameters be used for layout Axis of intake should surrounded by 100 to 105 to axis of diversion structure The actual inclination may be finalized on the basis of standard studies. Divide wall, if provided, should divvy up 80% to 100% of the intake. go for flushing accrue equal to twice project come down then estimate the wide-rangingness and whirligig of the flushing portal from orifice dominion, articulation should be in appendix. Qf = 0. 6 ? 0. 5W2 Where Qf = flushing fertilize W = supply largeness H = penetration prime (= 0. 5W) Yo = form play foresight as shown in 2. 2. 1. 1/2. 0 Sill should be straight and perpendicular style to the extend instruction. In the example material body (Fig. 2. 2. 1. 1) the axis of the intake = 105 & Qf = 2. 0? 10. 0 = 20m3/s ? 20. 0 = 0. 6 ? 0. 5 W2 ? W = 2. 8 m (say 3. 0m) and H = 1. 5 m. 1. 1. 6 Flood Handling, MFL and Number of Gates.For junior-grade hydro a round-eyed over course diversion weir would be the preferent option if gush surcharge would non cause unacceptable upstream flooding. For project of illustration, the side by side(p) construct data are assumed (see Figure 2. 2. 2) use flood, Q100 = clxxv m3/s A review of origin topography indicated that over bank flooding would occur if the flood water take pass awayed 103. 0 m. Select this water take aim as the MFL. This provides a flood surcharge (S) of 1. 20 m. Assume weir coefficients as below Gate, Cw = 1. 70 sill on slab at river bottom. Weir, Cw = 1. 0 -ogee write. Assume portal W/H ratio = 12 H = 4. 0 m ? W = 4. 8 (say 5. 0 m) MFL. = NOL + 1. 50 (= 103. 0m) Q introduction = Cw. W. (MFL ZS)1.. 5 Qweir = Cw. Lw. S1. 5 cleverness check f or MFL = 103. 0 m zero(prenominal) of Length of Over break away QG Gates prick (m) (m3/s) 0 35. 0 0. 0 1 29. 0 109. 6 QW (m3/s) 82. 8 68. 6 QT (m3/s) 82. 8 178. 2 175 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ courtly works Guidelines For hydraulic determination Of beautiful Hydro Plants / may 20115 on that pointfore one entrance is sufficient. Where MFL = upper limit flood level (m) NOL = commonplace operating level (m) S = flood surcharge supra NOL (m)W = completeness of accession (m) H = altitude of ingress (m) ZS = face lift of access sill (m) = weir coefficient (m0. 5s-1) Cw QG, QW, QT = gate, weir and nub arises The work depicted object of the sediment flushing gate may as well as be included in astute flood handling readiness. 1. 1. 7 enjoyment structure and Spillway Plains Rivers Stability of structures founded on alluvial foundations normal of plains rivers, is governed by the order of the conk out gradient. The detailed gradient is almost 1. 0 and shall be r educe by the pursuit safety factors Types of foundationShingles / cobbles Coarse cheeseparing sense Fine sand Safety factor 5 6 7 permissible acquittance Gradient 0. 20 0. 167 0. 143 overly diversion structures on plains rivers forget unremarkably require stilling lavabos to dismantle the aught from the top a skip over the diversion structure forwards the water dissolve be returned safely to the river. creation of diversion weirs and barrages on semipermeable foundation should follow IS 6966 (Part 1). Sample calculations in Chapter 12 of basic principle of Irrigation engineering science (Bharat Singh, 1983) relieve determination of uplift push distri exceptions and die gradients.Further details on structural aspects of architectural plan are accustomed in Section 2. 3. 3 of this Standard. Mountain Rivers Bed excite is usually found at relatively change learnings in push-down storage rivers permitting head works structures to be founded on quake. Also the b eds of mountain rivers are very much boulder surface and are much to a greater point large-minded to corrosion than plains rivers. Therefore thither may be no need for a stilling basin. The engineer may get hold of reach blocks on the downstream proscenium wall or simply provide an angled mouthpiece at the downstream end of the apron to flip the come down away from the downstream end of the apron.A swinging-off wall to bed rock of equal perspicacity should AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ civilian flora Guidelines For hydraulic propose Of base Hydro Plants / may 20116 also be provided for added certificate against undermining by scour. The head works structures would be intentional as gravity structures with copious mass to resist flotation. For low structures height less than 2. 0 m anchors into healthful bedrock may be used as the prime stabilization atom in dam instauration. Stability and nidus visualise shall be in compliance with requirements of Section 2. 3 . 3 of this Standard. 1. 1. 8 alluviation Flushing ancestry To be reviewedThe pastime climb up is recommended for externalise of the flushing billet Select flushing sway menses capacity (Qf) = 2? Qp prefigure supreme coat of sediment move into the pocket from site data or from transport capacity of onslaughting stream and speed. In case of diversion weir without render assume sediment accruement to be level with the weir crest. (Assume dogging flushing with 3? Qp entering the pocket, for this calculation). Establish enthrall sill elevation and channel heel over assuming an intermittent flushing mode (intake closed) with Qs = 2Qp, critical ascend at the sill, critical flow downstream (FN ? 1. 0) and a man-made lake operating level 0. 5m below NOL. restrain set up of channel to provide the required scouring focal ratio, utilize the following formula which incorpo orders a safety factor of 1. 5 i = 1. 50 io d 9/7 i0 = 0. 44 6 / 7 q Where io = critical scouri ng swiftness d = sediment size q = flow per whole largeness (m3/s per m) Verify that flow through pocket in continuous flushing mode (Qs = 3Qs) entrust be numbfish critical, if non lower entrance sill elevation gain. Determine height of gate and gate opening ground on abstruseness of flow at gate stead and corresponding gate width. Increase the preceding(prenominal) theoretical gate height by 0. 5 m to ascertain open open channel flow through the gate for intermittent flushing mode and a flushing flow of 2 Qp. For initial rule a width to height ratio of 21 for the flushing gate is suggested. 1. 1. 9 Intake/Head governor In intake provides a convert betwixt the river and the feeder supply. The main cast objectives are to exclude bed-load and floating debris and to downplay head losings. The following parameters are recommended begin focal ratio at intake entrance (on gross region) 0. 20 Ve = 0. 5 Q p m / s For trashracks that are manually cleaned, V should non exc eed 1. 0 m/s.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ civic whole kit Guidelines For hydraulic figure of speech Of fine Hydro Plants /whitethorn 20117 Convergence of side walls 2. 51 with rate of increase in upper not exceeding 0. 5 m/s per linear m. Height of sill in a higher place floor of flushing channel (ye) = greater of 1. 5m or 50% flow depth. The floor of the novelty should be sloped down as required to join the overthrow of the feeder groove. Check that the flow upper in the transition is adequate to(predicate) to continue alluviation in the transition domain. If sediment loads are very high consider installing a twist silt ejector at the downstream end of the transition. Provide coarse trashracks to guard access to the head gate. The trashrack would be knowing to timber floating debris such as trees, branches, wood on other floating objects. A clear lay of cl mm between bar is recommended. Trashrack enlarge creationing should be in conformance with IS 11388. Th e turn of the feeder faecal matteral shall be located taking into servant head losings through the trashrack and form firinges through the structure. Friction losings push aside be omitted as they are paltry V2 Calculate form losses as H L = 0. 3 2 2g Where V2 = focal ratio at downstream end of contraction.Calculate trashrack losses as 4/3 V2 ?t? H L = K f ? ? . Sin? . 2g ?b? Where Kf = head loss factor (= 2. 42 assuming angulate bar) T = chummyness of forbid (mm) B = clear bar spatial correspondence (mm) ? = angle of inclination to horizontal (degrees) V = approach velocity (m/s) 1. 1. 10 denotations on Lateral Intakes and Diversion Weirs. IS Standards Cited IS 6966 (Part 1) IS 11388 USBR (1987) Singh, Bharat Nigam, P. S. hydraulic aim of block uprages and Weirs Guidelines Recommendations for trope of Trashracks for Intakes forge of Small Dams Fundamentals of Irrigation unionizeing Nem Chand & Bros. Roorkee (1983) Handbook of Hydroelectric Engineering (Second edition) .. rascals 357 to 365 Nem Chand & Bros. Roorkee (1985) 1. 1. 11 different References Bucher and Krumdieck Guidelines for the form of Intake social organisations for Small Hydro Schemes Hydro 88/3rd supranational Conference on Small Hydro, Cancun Mexico. Bouvard, M. prompt Barrages and Intakes on depositary Transporting AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ accomplished whole kit and boodle Guidelines For hydraulic approach pattern Of Small Hydro Plants / may 20118 Razvan, E. 1. 2. Rivers IAHR Monograph, A. A. Balkema Rotterdam (1992) River Intakes and Diversion DamsElsevier, Amsterdam (1988) fishing rig PERMANENT HEAD works (MINI HYDRO) For mini hydro projects the need to minimize capital cos lettucet of the head works is of prime importance. This issue poses the greatest argufy where the head works rush to be constructed on alluvial foundations. This challenge is address by adoption of less relentless standards and the application of modify designs adapted to the sk ills easy in remote commonwealths. A typical layout is shown in Figure 2. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1 innovation Parameters hydraulic design should be found on the following design criteria Plant flow Qp) = QT + QD Where QT = total turbine flow (m3/s) QD = desilter flushing flow (= 0. 20 QT) m3/s QFC = feeder supply flow (= 1. 20 QT) m3/s QF = bedevil flushing flow (= 2. 0 QP) Spillway design flow (SDF) = Q10 Where Q10 = flood peak flow with ten year return period. 1. 2. 2 Layout ? To be reviewed Intake approach velocity = 1. 0 m/s Regulator gate W/H = 2 Flushing channel depth (HD) = 2H + W/3 Flushing channel marginal width = 1. 0 m Assumed flushing gate W/H = 2, determine H from orifice comparability, as below Q f = 0. 53? 2 H 2 . 2 gY1 Y1 = HD for design condition Where W width of gate (m) H = height of gate (m) Yi = upstream depth (m) = depth of flushing channel (m) HD Select the next largest manufactures standard gate size in a higher place the reason dimensions. 1. 2. 3 Weir AHEC /MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For hydraulic find out Of Small Hydro Plants / may 20119 Determine weir height to suit intake gate and flushing gate dimensions, as shown in Figure 2. 2. 3. For weirs founded on permeable foundations the necessary structure duration to control failure by piping should be placed in conformance with Section 2. 2. 1/4. 1 of this Standard.A graduationped ar paradigmment is recommended for the downstream face of the weir to dissipate hydraulic energy. The height of the steps should not exceed 0. 5 m and the inception over run ratio should not less than 1/3, the stability of the weir corrupt-sectional design should be checked for flotation, over turning and sliding in conformism with Section 2. 3. 1. 1. 3 TRENCH INTAKES oceanic abyss intakes are intake structures located in the river bed that draw off flow through racks into a trench which conveys the flow into the project water conductor system. A characteristic of trench intakes i s that they mother stripped-down impact on river levels.Trench intakes are applied in situations where traditional headwork designs would be also expensive or result in objectionable rises in river levels. There are 2 quite different applications on wide rivers and on unsmooth streams, but the basic equations are the same for both types. The trench intake should be located in the main river channel and be of sufficient width to collect the design project flow including all flushing flows. If the length of the trench is less than the width of the river, cut off walls will be required into each bank to pre electric receptacle the river from bypassing the structure.Trench weirs function best on weirs with slopes greater than 4%-5%, for flatter slopes diversion weirs should be considered. The set between racks is selected to pre issue entry of bed load into the trench. The following terms are some times used in referring to trench intake designs. Trench weir, when the trench is i nstalled in a raised embankment. Tyrolean or Caucasian intakes, when referring to trench intakes on mountainous streams. Features AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For hydraulic human body Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201110 1. 3. 2 see ParametersThe following design parameters are suggested for the dimensioning of trench weirs. Design operates The following design flows are recommended Bedload flushing flow (from gatherer concussion) = 0. 2 QT Desilter flushing flow = 0. 2 QT Turbine flow = 1. 0 QT Total design flow = 1. 4 QT Dimensional Layout AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201111 The following factors should be considered in determining the primary(prenominal) dimensions length, largeness and depth of a trench weir stripped-down width (B)= 1. 25 m (to facilitate manual cleaning) Length should be compatible with river cross section. It is recommended that the trench be located crosswise main river channel. Maximum width (B) ? 2. 50m. Trashrack nix longer than rough 2. 50 m may require support as slenderness ratios become excessive. Invert of aggregator buffet should be kept a high as possible. Racks The clear pose between bars should be selected to balk entry of bed-load portions that are too large to be conveniently handled by the flushing system. largely designs are base on excluding particles greater than medium gravel size from (2 cm to 4 cm).A clear opening of 3. 0 cm is recommended for design. A slope crossways the rack should be provided to avoid accumulation of bed load on the racks. Slopes unremarkably used vary from 0 to 20. orthogonal bars are recommended. Bar structural dimension shall be designed in accordance with Section 2. 2. 1/5. 0 of this Standard. An grab contraction coefficient should be selected as explained in the following sub-section. Assume 30% blockage. Spacing between racks is designed to prevent the entry of bedload b ut must also be strong plentiful to support superimposed loads from bedload accumulation, men and equipment.This issue is discussed further in subsection 2. 2. 3 / 2. 0. 1. 3. 3 Hydraulic Design of Trench Intake The early step in hydraulic design is to square off the width of the trench intake bearing in mind the flow capacity required and the bathymetry of the river bed. The next step in hydraulic design is to determine the minimum trench breadth (B) that will capture the required design flow. The design approach assumes complete capture of river flow, which implies, that river flow is equal to plant flow for the design condition. Hydraulic design is based on the following assumptions Constant specific energy across racks. rough-and-ready head on screen is equal to base mechanical press (depth) Approach velocity is subcritical with a critical section at the entry to the structure as shown in figure 2. 2. 3/1. The set of equations proposed is based on the method acting feat uren by Lauterjung et al (1989). prototypical calculate y1 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201112 2 y 1 = k. H0 3 (1) Where y1 = depth at upstream frame of rack Ho = the energy head of the approaching flow k = an enrollment factor (m) m) (-) k is a function of inclination of the rack and can be located from the following table set of k as a range of Rack Slope (? ) remand 2. 2. 1/1 ? = 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 k = 1. 000 0. 980 0. 961 0. 944 0. 927 0. 910 0. 894 ? = 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 k = 0. 879 0. 865 0. 851 0. 837 0. 852 0. 812 0. 800 Then calculate the breadth of the collector trench from the following equations (2) to (4) 1. 50 q (2) L= E1. E 2 C. cos? 3/2 . 2gy 1 Where L = sloped length across collector trench (m) E1 = blockage factor E2 = Effective screen demesne = e/mC = contraction coefficient ? = slope of rack in degrees y1 = flow depth upstream from equation 1. (m) q = unit flow en tering intake (m3/s per m) e = clear distance between bars (cm or m) m = c/c spacing of bars (cm or m) Assume E1 = 0. 3 (30%) blockage. C can be calculated from the following formula (as reported by Raudkivi) Rectangular bars ?e? C = 0. 66 ? ? ?m? ?0. 16 ?m? .? ? ?h? 0. 13 Assume h = 0. 5 y1. This formula is valid for 3. 5 (3) h e 0. 2 and 0. 15 0. 30 m m Finally, the required breadth (B) can be find as below B = L cos ? -(4) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201113 1. 3. 4 Hydraulic Design of accumulator Trench Normally a sufficient slope on the invert of the trench is provided to ensure efficient flushing of bed-load particles that would otherwise accumulate on the invert of the trench. A suitable scouring slope can be estimated from the following equation Ss = 0. 66 d 9 / 7 6/7 qo Where d = sediment size (m) qo = flow per unit width (Q/B) at consequence of trench (m3/s per m) Ss = design s lope of trench invert.The minimum depth of the trench at the upstream and is commonly between 1. 0m to 1. 5 m, based on water depth plus a freeboard of 0. 3 m. For final design the flow visibility should be computed for the design slope and the trench bottom profile substantiate or adjusted, as required. A in small stages procedure for calculating the flow profile that is applicable to this problem can be found in Example 124, page 342-345 of liberal-Channel fluid mechanics by Ven. T. Chow (1959). In most cases the profile will be sub critical with control from the downstream ( dismissal) end.A suitable starting read would be to assume critical flow depth at the exit of the trench. 1. 3. 5 Collector Chamber The trench terminates in a collector box. The collection box has two discharges, an intake to the water conductor system and a flushing shout. The flushing shoutwork must be design with the capacity to flush the bed-load sediment entering from the trench, while the projec t flow is withdrawn via the intake. The bottom of the collection box must be designed to provide adequate immersion for the flushing holler and intake to suppress undesirable vortices.The flushing pipe should be lower than the intake and the flushing pipe coat to handle the discharge of bed load. If the flushing pipe invert is below the outlet of the trench, the Engineer should consider steepening the trench invert. If the trench outlet invert is below the flushing pipe invert, the latter should be lowered to the elevation of the trench outlet or below. The deck of the collector box should be located preceding(prenominal) the design flood level to provide safe access to operate gates. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201114 1. 3. Flushing pipage The flushing pipe should be designed to provide a high enough velocity to get on bed-load captured by the weir. A velocity of at least 3. 0 m/s should be provided. If poss ible, the outlet end of the pipe should be located a minimum of 1. 0m above the river bed level to provide energy to keep the outlet area free from accumulation of bed load that could block the pipeline. 1. 3. 7 References on Trench weirs CBIP, (2001) manual(a) on Planning and Design of Small Hydroelectric Scheme Lauterjung et al (1989) Planning of Intake Structures Freidrich Vieweg and Sohn, Braunswchweig GermanyIAHR (1993) Hydraulic Structures Design Manual Sedimentation Exclusion and removal of Sediment from Diverted water supply. By Arved J. Raudkivi news composing publisher Taylor & Francis, New York. Chow (1959) Open- Channel Hydraulics Publisher McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1. 4 RESERVOIR, CANAL AND PENSTOCK INTAKES The designs of reservoir, television channel and penstock intakes are all based on the same principles. However, there are significant variations depending on whether an intake is at the forebay reservoir of a run-of-river plant or at storage reservoir with large draw down or is for a queen tunnel, etc.Examples of a variety of layouts can be fond in IS 9761 Hydropower Intakes Criteria for Hydraulic Design or Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydropower Plants (ASCE, 1995). The features common to all designs are shown in the following outline AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201115 The objectives of good design are To prevent entry of floating debris. To avoid formation of line of credit entraining vortices. To minimize hydraulic losses. 1. 4. 1 Control of floating debrisTo prevent the entry of debris a trashrack is placed at the entry to the intake. For small hydro plants the trashrack overall size is determined based on an approach velocity of 0. 75 m/s to 1. 0m/s to facilitate manual raking. Trashracks may be designed in panels that can be lowered into place in grooves provided in the intake walls or permanently attacked to anchors in the intake face. The trashracks should to sloped at 14 from the vertical (4V1H) to facilitate raking. The spacing between bars is determined as a function of the spacing between turbine moon-curser blades.IS 11388 Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes should be consulted for selective information roughly spacing between trashracks bars, structural design and vibration problems. Also, see Section 2. 2. 1/5 of this Standard. 1. 4. 2 Control of Vortices kickoff of all the direction of approach velocity should be axial with respect the intake if at all possible. If flow approaches at a significant angle (greater than 45o) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201116 from axial these will be significant risk of vortex problems.In such a situation an experienced hydraulic engineer should be consulted and for crucial projects hydraulic model studies may be required. For normal approach flow the submerging can be determined from th e following formulae S = 0. 725VD0. 5 S D V = submergence to the roof of the gate section (m) = diameter of penstock and height of gate (m) = velocity at gate for design flow. (m/s) Where A recent paper by Raghavan and Ramachandran discusses the merits of various formulae for determining submergence (S). 1. 4. 3 Minimization of Head lossesHead losses are minimized by providing a aerodynamic transition between the entry section and gate section. Minimum losses will be induced when a streamlined bellmouth intake is used. For a bellmouth intake the transition section is formed with quadrants of ellipses as shown in the following sketch. The bellmouth type intake is best-loved when ever the additional tolls are economically justified. For smaller, mainly mini hydropower stations, simpler designs are often optimal as the cost of construction of curved cover surfaces may not be offset by the value of decline in head losses. lucubrate on the geometry of both types are prone Bellmout h Intake Geometry Geometries for typical run-of-river intakes are shown below A gate width to height of 0. 785 (D) 1. 00 (H) with H = D is recommended. This permits some reduction in the cost of gates without a significant sacrifice in hydraulic efficiency. There is a second transition between the gate and penstock, rectangular to circular. For a gate having H = D and W= 0. 785D the flow velocity at the gate will be equal to the velocity in the penstock so no further flow acceleration is produced in this section. A length for this transition of 1. x D should be satisfactory. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201117 The head loss co-efficient for this arrangement in Ki =0. 10 Details for layout of bell mouth transitions connecting to a slanting penstock are given in IS9761. Simplified layout (Mini-Hydro) For smaller/mini hydro projects intake design can be simplified by forming the transition in tabloid surfaces as sho wn below The head loss for this design (Ki) = 0. 19V2/2g. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201118 . 4. 4. AIR VENT An air out vent should be placed downstream of the head gate to facilitate air transmute between atmosphere and the penstock for the following conditions Penstock filling when air will be expelled from the penstock as water enters. Penstock draining when air will enter the penstock to occupy the blank anteriorly filled by water. The air vent (pipe) must have an adequate cross section area to efficaciously handle these exchanges of air. The following design rules are recommended Air vent area should the greater of the following values Where (m3/s) AV = 0. 0 Ap or QT AV = 25. 0 (m2) AV = cross-section area of air vent pipe AP = cross-section area of penstock (m2) QP = turbine rated flow ( ? QT of more than one turbine on the penstock) The air vent should exhaust to a safe location unoccupied by power company employees on the general public. 1. 4. 5 PENSTOCK FILLING A penstock should be filled behind to avoid excessive and dangerous blowback. The recommended practice is to control filling rate via the head gate. The AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201119 ead gate should not be overt more than 50 mm until the penstock is completely full. (This is sometime referred to as chap the gate. ) 1. 4. 6 REFERENCES ON PENSTOCK INTAKES 1. 4. 7 Indian Standard Cited. IS 9761 Hydropower Intakes Criteria for Hydraulic Design OTHER REFERENCES Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydroelectric Plants ASCE, New York (1995) Validating the Design of an Intake Structure By Narasimham Raghavan and M. K. Ramachandran, HRW September 2007. Laymans Guidebook European Small Hydro connectedness Brussels, Belgium (June 1998)Available on the internet. Vortices at Intakes By J. L. Gordon Water Power & Dam Construction April 1970 1. 5. TRASHRACKS AND condom RACKS 1. 5. 1 Trashracks Trashracks at penstock intakes for small hydro plants should be sloped at 4 V 1H to facilitate manual raking and the approach velocity to the trashracks limited to 1. 0 m/s or less. Use of rectangular bars is normal practice for SHPs. sustentation beams should be alignment with the flow direction to minimize hydraulic losses. Detailed trashrack design should be done in accordance with IS 11388. 1. 5. 2Safety Racks Safety racks are required at tunnel and change siphon entries to prevent animals or people who may have ruinen into the distribution channel from being pulled into these submerge water ways. A clear spacing of 200 mm between bars is recommended. Other aspects of design should be in accordance with IS 11388. 1. 5. 3 References on Trashracks IS11388 Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes. ASCE (1995) Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydroelectric Plants. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201120 DRAWINGSAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201121 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201122 2. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WATERWAYS The waterways or water conduction system is the system of provides, aqueducts, tunnels, inverted siphons and pipelines connecting the head works with the forebay tank. This Section provides guidelines and norms for the hydraulic design of these structures. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 CANALS Canals for small hydro plants are typically constructed in masonry or strengthened concrete.Several typical cross section designs are shown below AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201123 Lined canals in earth, if required, should be designed in accordance with Indian Standard IS 10430. A further division of canal types is based on function conflu ent canal to connect the head governor (intake) to the desilter Power canal to connect the desilter to the Forebay tank. 2. 1. 2 Feeder Canals 2. 1. 2. 1 Feeder canal hydraulic design shall be based on the following criteria = Turbine flow (QT) + Desilter flushing flow (QF).Design flow (Qd) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201124 2. 1. 2. 2 Scouring velocity A sufficiently high velocity must be provided to prevent deposition of sediment within the canal. This (scouring) velocity can be determined from the following formulae d 9/7 S C = 0. 66 6 / 7 n = 0. 015 q 1 1 ? VS = . R 2 / 3 . S C/ 2 n Where Sc = Scouring slope d = Target sediment size (m) q = Flow per unit width (Q/W) (m/s/m) R = hydraulic radius (m) Vs = scouring velocity (m/s) n = Mannings roughness coefficient 2. 1. 2. 3 OptimizationThe optimum cross section dimensions, slope and velocity should be determined by economic psycho abbreviation so as to minimize the total life time costs of capital, O&M and head losses (as capitalized value). The economic parameters for this analysis should be chosen in interview with the appropriate regional, state or of import power authorities these parameters include rebate rate (i) Escalation rate(e) Plant load factor receipts life in long time (n) Annual O+M for canal (% of capital cost) Value of energy losses (Rs/kWh). Also see Section 1. 7 of this Standard. The selected design would be based on the highest of Vs or Voptimum. . 1. 2. 4 Freeboard A freeboard fee above the steady state design water level is required to contract water safely within the canal in event of power outages or floods. A minimum of 0. 5 m is recommended. 2. 1. 3 Power Canals Power canal design shall be based on the following criteria a) Design flow = total turbine flow (QT) b) Power canal design should be based on optimization of dimensions, slope and velocity, as explained in the previous section. For mini-hydro p lants Q 2. 0 m3/s optimal nonrepresentational design dimensions for Type 1 (masonry construction) can be estimated by assuming a longitudinal slope of 0. 04 and a Mannings n value of 0. 018. Masonry construction would commonly be preferred for canals with widths (W) less than 2. 0 m (flow area = AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201125 2. 0 m2). For larger canals with flow areas greater than 2. 0m2, a Type 3, box culvert design would be preferred based on economic analysis. c) Freeboard A freeboard recompense above the steady state design level is required to contain water safety within the canal in event of power outages. The waterway in most SHPs terminates in a Forebay tank.This tank is normally equipped with an dismount weir to discharge surplus water or an function weir is provided near to the forebay tank. For mini-hydro plants a minimum freeboard of 0. 50 m is recommended. The adequacy of the above minimum freeboard should be verified for the following conditions Maximum flow in the power canal co-incident with sudden outage of the plant. Design flow plus margins for leakage losses (+0. 02 to +0. 05 QT) and above rated operation (+ 0. 1QT). Characteristics of head regulator flow control. The freeboard allowance may be reduced to 0. 5 m after taking these factors into stipulation. The maximum water level occurring in the forebay tank can be determined from the weir equation governing flow in the escape weir. 2. 1. 4 Rejection Surge Designs which do not incorporate downstream escape weirs would be subject to the occurrence of a rejection surge in the canal on sudden turbine shutdown, giving above stable water levels at the downstream end, simplification to the atmospheric soundless level at the upstream (entry) end of the water way. Methods for evaluating water level changes due(p) to a rejection surge are explained in Section 2. 2. 2 / 7. 0 of this Standard. . 2 AQUEDUCTS Aque ducts are typically required where feeder or power canals pass over a gully or side stream valley. If the length of the aqueduct is relatively nearsighted the same channel dimensions as for the canal can be retained and there would be no change in hydraulic design. For longer aqueducts design would be based on economic analysis subject to the supply that flow corpse sub critical with NF ? 0. 8 in the gulch sections. The following sketch shows the principal dimension of aqueduct entry and exit transitions and flume section. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design OfSmall Hydro Plants /May 201126 The changes in invert elevation across the entry and exit structures can be calculated by Bernoulis equation as below entering transition consider cross section (1) and (2) V2 V2 Z 1 + D + 1 = Z 2 + d + 2 + hL 2g 2g and 2 b? V ? hL = 0. 10 ? 1 ? ?. 2 ? B ? 2g Z2 can be determined from the above equations, since all geometric parameters are known. Flume Sections (2) to (3) The slope of the flume section is determined from Mannings equation 2 ? Vn ? ( S ) = ? 2 / 3 ? . A Mannings n = 0. 018 is suggested for concrete channel. ?R ?Some designers increase this slope by 10% to provide a margin of safety on flow capacity of the flume. Exit transition consider cross section (3) and (4) V2 V2 Z 3 + d + 3 = Z 4 + D + 4 + hL 2g 2g AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201127 and 2 b? V ? hL = 0. 20 ? 1 ? ?. 3 ? B ? 2g Z4 can be determined from the above equations, since all geometric parameters are known. The same basic geometry can be adapted for transition between trapezoidal canals sections and rectangular flume section, using cockeyed flow width (B) = A/D. . 3. INVERTED SYPHONS 2. 3. 1 anatropous take outs are used where it is more economical to road the waterway underneath an obstacle. The inverted syphon is made up of the following components Entry structure Syphon ca sks Exit structure Entry Structure Hydraulic design of the entry structure is identical to the design of reservoir, canal and penstock intakes. play along the guidelines given in Section 2. 2. 2/2. of this Standard. Syphon barrels The syphon barrel dimensions are normally determined by optimization ? V? ? does not tudies, with the proviso that the Froude Number ? N F = ? gd ? ? ? exceed 0. 8. Invert elevations are determined by accounting for head losses from entry to exit of the structure using Bernoulis equation. For reinforced concrete channels a Mannings n value of 0. 018 is recommended. The head loss coefficients for mitre aeroembolism can be determined from USACE HDC 228. 2. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201128 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201129 Exit structure The exit structure is designed as a diverging transition to minimize head loss es the design is simillilitrear to the outlet transition from flume to canal as discussed in Subsection 2. 2. 2/2 of this Standard. The following sketches show the layout of a typical inverted siphon. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201130 2. 3. 2 Reference on Aqueducts and Inverted Syphons Hydraulic Structures By C. D. Smith University of Saskatchewan shadbush (SK) Canada 2. 4. LOW PRESSURE PIPELINESLow obligate pipelines may be employed as an alternative to pressurized box culverts, aqueducts or inverted syphons. Concrete, elastic and steel pipes are suitable depending on site conditions and economics. trade name pipe is often an attractive alternative in place of concrete aqueducts in the form of pipe bridges, since relatively large diameter pipe possesses significant inherent structural strength. Steel pipe (with stiffening rings, as necessary), concrete and plastic pipe also have significant resistance against external pressure, if buried, and proffer alternatives to inverted syphons of reinforced concrete construction.Generally pressurized flow is preferred. The pipe profile should be chosen so that pressure is positive through out. If there is a high point in the line that could trap air on filling an air hemophiliac valve should be provided. Otherwise, hydraulic design for low pressure pipelines is similar to the requirements for inverted syphons. The choice of type of design low pressure pipeline set down pipeline material), inverted syphon or aqueduct, depends on economic and constructability considerations, in the context of a given SHP. Mannings n Values for selected Pipe Materials Material Welded Steel Polyethylene (HDPE) Poly vinyl radical Chloride (PVC)Asbestos Cement Cast iron tractile iron Precast concrete pipe Mannings n 0. 012 0. 009 0. 009 0. 011 0. 014 0. 015 0. 013(2) Note (1) From Table 5. 4 Laymans Guide Book ESHA (2) From Ven T. Chow Open Channel Hydraulics AHEC/ MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201131 2. 5. TUNNELS 2. 5. 1 Tunnels often provide an appropriate solution for water conveyance in mountainous areas. Tunnels for SHP are generally of two types. unlined tunnels Concrete lined tunnels On SHP tunnels are usually used as part of the water ways system and not subject to high pressures. . 5. 2 Unlined tunnels Unlined water tunnels can be used in areas of favorable geology where the following criteria are satisfied a) shudder mass is adequately water tight. rock and roll surfaces are sound and not assailable to erosion (or erodible zones b) are suitably protected. The static water pressure does not exceed the order of the minor field c) rock stress. Controlled perimeter blasting is recommended in order to minimize over break and produce sound rock surfaces. Additionally, this construction approach tends to produce relatively uniform surfaces and minimizes the hydraulic rou ghness of the completed tunnel surfaces.Design velocities of 1. 5 to 2. 0 m/s on the mean AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201132 cross section area give optimal cross section design. It is normal practice to provide a 100mm thick reinforced concrete pavement over leveled and compacted tunnel muck in the invent of the tunnel. IS 4880 Part 3 provides additional guidance on the hydraulic design of tunnels and on the selection of appropriate Mannings n values. 2. 5. 3 Lined Tunnels Where geological are unfavourable it is often necessary to provide concrete linings for support of rock surfaces.IS4880 move 1-7 give comprehensive guidelines on the design of lined tunnels. 2. 5. 4 High haul Tunnels Design of high pressure tunnels is not covered in this standard. For high pressure design, if required, the designer should consult an experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. For the purpose of this standard, h igh pressure design is defined as tunnels subject to water pressures in excess of 10m relative to the crown of the tunnels. 2. 5. 5 Reference on Tunnels IS Standards IS 4880 Code of Practice for the Design of Tunnels Conveying Water. Other References Norwegian Hydropower Tunnelling (Third volume of undisturbed papers) Norwegian Tunneling bon ton Trondheim, Norway. www. tunnel. no Notably Development of Unlined Pressure Shafts and Tunnels in Norway, by Einar Broch. 2. 6. CULVERTS AND CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS Small hydro projects constructed in hilly areas usually include a lengthy power canal routed along a hillside contour. Lateral inflows from streams and gullies intercepted by SHP canals often transport large sediments loads which must be prevented from entering the canal. The first line of defense is the canal upstream ditch which intercepts local anaesthetic squint-eyed runoff.The flow in these chains must be periodically discharged or the drain capacity will be exceeded. Flow fr om these drains is usually evacuated via culverts passing underneath the canal. These culverts would normally be located where gullies or streams cross the canal alignment. The capacity of canal ditches should be decided taking into consideration the average distance between culverts. In the rare cases when distance between culverts is excessive, consideration should be given to diverting AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201133 itch flows across the canal in flumes or fractional round pipes to discharge over the downhill side of the canal at suitable locations. Culverts are usually required where the canal route crosses gullies or streams. Culverts at these points provide for flow separation between lateral inflows and canal inflows and often present the most economical solution for crossing small but steep valley locations. It is recommended that culverts design be based on the following hydrological criteria. For mi ni hydro projects, 1 in 10 year flood (Q10) For small hydro projects, 1 in 25 year flood (Q25)Where it is practical to extract the necessary basin parameters, the procedures given in Section 1. 4 should be applied. Otherwise design flows should be estimated from field measurements of cross section area and longitudinal slope at representative cross section of the gully or side stream. A survivable design approach is further recommended with canal walls strengthened to allow local over topping without damage to the canal integrity when floods exceed the design flood values. Detailed hydraulic design should be based on information from authoritative texts or design guidelines such as Design of Small Bridges and Culverts Goverdhanlal 2. 7 2. 7. 1 Engineering and Design drain and Erosion Control. Engineering Manual EM 1110-3-136 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1984) www. usace. army. mil/publications/eng-manuals Manufacturers guides, notably American Concrete Pipe Association ww w. concrete-pipe. org corrugated Steel Pipe Institute www. cspi. ca Power Canal Surges Power canals that are not provided with escape weirs near their downstream end will be subject to canal surges on rapid load rejections or load additions.The rejection surge will typically cause the downstream water level to rise above static level and may control the design of canal freeboard. For load additions there is a risk that the level will fall to critical at the downstream end and restrict the rate at which load can be taken on by the unit. The following formulae taken from IS 7916 1992 can be used to estimate the magnitude of canal surges. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201134 Maximum surge height in a power channel due to load rejection may be calculated from the empirical formulae given belowFor disconnected closure hmax = K 2 + 2 Kh For gradual closure within the period required for the first wave to survive twice the length of the channel K hmax = + V . h / g 2 Where hmax = maximum surge wave height, K = V2/2g = velocity head, V = mean velocity of flow, and area of cross sec tion h = effective depth = top width Maximum water level resulting from a rejection surge at the downstream of a canal Maximum W. L. = Yo + hmax Minimum water level resulting from by a start up surge at the downstream end of a canal Minimum W. L. = YS hmax Where Yo YS = steady state downstream water level static downstream water level. The maximum water level profile can be approximated by a straight line joining the maximum downstream water level to the reservoir level. 2. 7. 2 Canal Surges on complicated Waterways For waterway systems comprising several different water conductor types, the above equations are not applicable. In such cases a more detailed type of analysis will be required. The U. S. National Weather Service FLDWAV computer program can be used to solved for the transient flow conditions in such cases (Helwig, 2002). 2. 7. 3 References IS Standards citedIS 7916 1992 Open Channel Code of Practice. Other References Application of FLDWAV(Floodwave) Computer Model to clear for Power Canal Rejection Wave for sincere and Complex Cases. P. C. Helwig Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Proceedings, Annual Conference Montreal, Canada (2002). AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201135 3. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DESILTERS 3. 1 BACKGROUND Sediment transported in the flow, especially particles of hard materials such as quartz, can be harmful to turbine components.The austereness of damage to equipment is a function of several variables, notably sediment size, sediment hardness, particle shape, sediment submerging and plant head. The control of turbine wear problems due to silt erosion requires a comprehensive design approach in which sediment properties, turbine mechanical and hydraulic design, material selection and features t o facilitate equipment criminal maintenance are all considered (Naidu, 2004). Accordingly the design parameters for desilter design should be made in consultation with the mechanical designers and turbine manufacturer.Where the risk of damage is judged to be high a remission basin (or desilter) should be constructed in the plant waterway to remove particles, greater than a selected target size. 3. 1. 1 Need The first design finale is to determine whether the sediment load in the river of interest is sufficiently high to merit construction of a desilter. There is little guidance on hand(predicate) on this topic however, the following limits are suggested by Naidu (2004) Table 2. 2. 3/1. 0 Concentration Suggested Maximum Allowable Sediment versus Plant Head. Parameter Head Maximum allowable sediment closenessLow and Medium Head Turbines ? one hundred fifty m High Head Turbines 150 m 200 ppm 150 ppm 3. 1. 2 Removal Size There are also considerable divergences of assessment on t he selection of design size for sediment removal. Nozaki (1985) suggests a size range of between 0. 3 mm to 0. 6 mm for plant heads ranging from 100 m to 300 m. Indian practice is to design for a particles size of 0. 20 m regardless of head. Some authors suggest that removal of particles smaller than 0. 20 mm is not practical. The adoption of 0. 20 mm is the design (target) sediment size is recommended for Indian SHP designs.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201136 3. 1. 3 Types of Desilters There are two basic types of desilters continuous flushing type Intermittent flushing type Guidelines for design of both types are given in this section. 3. 2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3. 2. 1 Data Requirements (Small Hydro Plants) It is recommended that a program of suspended sediment take be initiated near the intake site from an early stage during site investigations to ensure that sufficient data is available for design.The taste program should extend through the broad(a) rainy season and should comprise at least two readings daily. On glacier feed rivers where diurnal flow variations may exist, the instrument of sample should be adjusted to take this phenomenon into account and the scheduled sampling times be adjusted to coincide with the arcminute of peak daily flow with another(prenominal) sample taken about dozen hours later. While it is often assumed that sediment load is directly related to flow, this is only true on the average, in a statistical sense.In fact it is quite likely, that the peak sediment event of a year may be associated with a erratic upstream event such as a major landslide into the river. such events often account for a disproportionately large proportion of the annual sediment flow. Therefore, it would also be desirable to design the sediment measurement program to provide more detailed information about such events, basically to increase the sampling frequency to one sample per 1 or 2 hours at these times. A five year long sediment collecting program would be ideal. little than one monsoon season of data is considered unsatisfactory.Some authors suggest that the vertical variation of sediment denseness and variations horizontally across the river be measured. However, on fast flowing rivers inherent convulsion should ensure uniform mixing and sampling at one representative point should be sufficient. The data collected in a sediment sampling program should include Mean daily concentration of suspended sediment (average of two readings cardinal hours apart) Water temperature Flow (from a related flow gauging program) The following additional information can then be derived from collected samples.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201137 A sediment rating curve (sediment concentration versus flow where possible) Particle size ground level curve on combined sample Specific gravity of particles. It is also recommended that a petrographic analysis be carried out to happen upon the component minerals of the sediment mix. It is likewise recommended that experiments be made on selected ranges of particles sizes to determine cave in velocities. A further discussion on the subject of sediment sampling is given in Avery (1989)The characteristics of the sediment on a given river as obtained from a data collection program will give ear in selection of appropriate design criteria. 3. 2. 2 Data Requirements (Mini Hydro Plants) On mini hydro projects where resources and time may not be available to undertake a comprehensive sampling program, selection of design parameters will depend to a great extent on engineering judgment, supplemented by observations on site and local information. The following regional formula by Garde and Kothyari (1985) can be used to support engineering decision making. 0. 19 ?P ? 0 Vs = 530. 0 P0. 6. Fe1. . S0. 25 Dd . 10 .? max ? ?P? Where Vs = mean sediment load in (tonnes/km2/year) s = average slope (m/m) Dd = drainpipe density, as total length of streams divided up by catchment area (km/km2) P = mean annual recklessness (cm) Pmax = average precipitation for wettest month (cm) Fe = ground cover factor, as below 1 Fe = 0. 80 AA + 0. 60 AG + 0. 30 AF + 0. 10 AW ? Ai = arable land area AA = grass land area (all in km2) AG AF = forested area AW = waste land area (bare rock) 3. 2. 3 Design Criteria The principle design criteria are 1. The target size for removal (d) d = 0. 20 mm is recommended 2.Flushing flow QF = 0. 2 QP is recommended 3. Total (design) flow QT = QP + QF = 1. 2 QP. Where QP is plant flow capacity in (m3/s). AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 201138 3. 2. 4 Siting The following factors control site selection 1. A site along the water way of appropriate size and relatively level with respect to cross section topography 2. A site high enough ab ove river level to provide adequate head for flushing. For preliminary layout a reference river level corresponding to the mean annual flood and minimum flushing head of 1. 0 m is recommended. In principle a desilting tank can be located anyplace along the water conductor system, upstream of the penstock intake. Sometimes it is convenient to locate the desilting basin at the downstream end of the waterway system where the desilter can also provide the functions of a forebay tank. However, a location as close to the head works is normally preferred, site topography permitting. 3. 3 Hydraulic Design A desilter is made up of the following elements Inlet section subsidence tank Outlet section Flushing system 3. 3. 1